UMEA UNIVERSITY
Department
of Informatics
Prof.
em. Kristo Ivanov
<http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov>
Kristo
Ivanov
Version 220408-1535
Customized
complementary word & issue index for
C. West
Churchman "The Design of Inquiring Systems:
Basic Concepts of Systems and Organization".
(New York: Basic
Books, 1971)
http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.pdf
http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.html
https://ia600105.us.archive.org/31/items/chuindex/chuindex.html
This word & issue or subject
index is customized to the purpose of fostering wider and deeper applications
of a social dialectical systems approach. It is intended to be used in
conjunction with the wordindex published in the book.
Issue-indexing implies that even if the particular word does not appear on the
referenced page, either a synonym, an associated, or analogue issue does. Additional
explanatory material related to the same philosophical background can be found
at the following URL and its links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._West_Churchman.
Parenthesized
page numbers, italics, and bold face types in the text below indicate an
increasing degree of relevance and importance. Words referenced after the
abbreviation "cf.", and whose radicals are not found in the index as
is the case for words put within parentheses, point to entries in the book's
own index or in Webster's Third New International Dictionary (unabridged) or in
specialized dictionaries of the fields of information science and philosophy of
science.
The
purpose of presenting this index to a wider audience is to allow for a starting
point for deeper and wider inquiries in a research tradition that allows for
broad systemic relations between disciplinary areas and key notions as they appear
in the index. The claim is that this book contributes to the establishment of a
time-stable theoretical conceptual ground in the most general terms of
philosophy of science. That is: a "language" which - close to the
tradition of philosophical pragmatism - facilitates communication among
researchers who work in different schools of thought and areas of application.
In particular this initiative aims at facilitating - in one same research
organization - that every researcher be able to contribute to the work of
colleagues by means of the easier initial understanding afforded by an tentative initial set of shared concepts which may be
argumentatively modified or rejected in the further course of a particular
inquiry.
This
index can also be used for computerized searches of key words by means of the
"Find" feature of word processors, and for this purpose it is
available on the Web at <http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.pdf>
or (the latest version) at <http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.html>
and https://ia600105.us.archive.org/31/items/chuindex/chuindex.html.
Permission
to make digital/hard copy of this work for personal or education use is granted
provided that it is not done for profit or commercial advantage, and notice is
given of the source.
absolute mind,
178; cf. progress, mind
absurdum,
demonstration at, 112, 136, cf. axioms
academic
freedom, 58
acceptability,
vs. knowledge, 233; cf. satisfactoriness, values
accounting, of
costs, 166-168; accounting system, 162; cf. budgeting
accuracy, 26,
31, 59, 61, 62, 65, 95-96, 83, 95, 98, 107, 108,
113, 115, 132, 135, 141, 146, 146, 150, 154-156, 160,
162, 168, 170, 174-175, 188-191, 193, 195-196, 190, 202, 253,
257; of observation, 154-155; and convergence, 95; as measure of confidence,
111; as minimization of bias, 141; and cost, 62; vs. drama; cf. truth,
measurement, precision, reliability, correctness, validity, refinement,
quality, validation, proof, confirmation, approximation, Ivanov (project AVH)
Ackoff, R.L., 51, 73?, 155
actability, as
knowledge or potential for action, 11; cf. action, activity, actor,
implementation, function, drama, politics, ateleology,
implementation, speech act
action science, 13-16,
(184-185), (199-200), 202-205; cf. implementation
action, and
activity, 5-7, 10, 14, 44-46, 104, 114-115, 118, 124-125,
156, 159, 164, 166, 169, 202, 271; social ethical, 202;
and design, 276; implementation and knowledge, 114; research,
184; and language, 115, 201-202; and fact or information, 164; as living
reality and drama, 171, 173, 175; as life vs. knowledge as grey theory,
204; as realism vs. idealism, 199; activities and workflow
value-added, 166; description of, 156; and change, 271; plan of, 164, 167; as anti teleological good in itself, 249, 254; picture of
alternative actions or Weltanschauung, 169; language theory, 102; as process,
204; and action meaning, 158, 163, cf. Abraham Kaplans "action
meaning"; cf. implementation, reaction, function-structure-teleology,
is-ought, ethics, stimulus-response, interactivity, pragmatism, transaction,
process, log and rock on the road, producer-product, romanticism
action language,
102, 115; cf. is-ought, imperative, indicative, illocutory,
perlocutory, Austin, (Searle)
action research;
cf. action science, implementation
active observer,
159
activity, 7,
166, 249; as good in itself or purposeful activity, 249; description of 43-46;
166; cf. action, actor, ateleology
actor, system's,
44-49, 71, 200-201, 204; actor network, 73, 171-174, 182, 185;
functional, 44; social: cf. action; cf. system (and subsystem-component,
teleological), client, decision maker, manager, designer, metadesigner,
convergence of actor roles; as actor on scene: cf. theater, narrative
actor network, 18,
73, 171-174, 182, (193-194); cf. chap. (7) passim, innovation
actor network
theory ANT, cf. actor network
adaptive
systems, 63, 65; as incrementalism, 65-66; and objectivity, 63;
cf. evolution, measurement, flexibility, growth, progress
adjustment, of
observations (Ptolemaic), 196
advertising,
incentives and pricing, 167
aesthetics, 18,
26, 37, 49, (99), 106, 114, 120, 140-141, 143, 155, 158, (170)-171, 195-196,
199-200, 203-205, 216-217, 249, 251, 264, 266;
transcendental (Kant's), 129; as appropriateness, 142; as good in
itself, 249; as artistic creation, 250-251, 266; as joke-play,
235; as taste, 266; as subjectivity, 159; and monism, 73; as formal elegance,
81, 120; as distanced contemplation, 172-174; as styles, 170; as colors and
shapes, 139; repertoire of styles, 177; as policy scenario, 171; as the moral
quality of the act, 49; as related to clarity and distinctness, 19-21; as
creativity, 4; as poetic mood, 153; and beauty, love and truth, 264; art, 267;
visual cartoon presentation, 182-184; aesthetic value, (189); aesthetic
intuition, 124; and ethics, 216-217; beauty of a system and pragmatism, 120-121;
aesthetic mood, 182; aesthetic sensuous intuition, 145; as (in Leibniz) faith
to bridge perception and clarity, 242; as related to obscure non-clear and
confuse ideas, 21; dimensions of aesthetical discussion (complexity,
obscureness, confusedness), 37; cf. beauty, image, imagination, drama,
narrative, taste, appropriateness, style, form, function, creativity
agent,
intelligent, 116-118; as in Internet, 117; cf. actor, decision maker,
artificial intelligence AI
aggregation, of
data, 161
agreement, 85,
88, 92-94, 97, 101, 104-105, 110, 112, 114, 118-119,
126, 154, 157, 161-162, 169, 174, 187-188, 190-194,
198-199: esp. 190, 194, 198-199, 202, 243; control on, 150; in
naive empiricism, 191; disagreement for, 193; as objectivity, 150; unconscious
Lockean, 194; isomorphic, of inputs, 154; basis of conventional, 112; cf.
consensus, consistency, cooperation, convergence, conversation, debate,
conflict, pluralism, understanding, democracy, politics, enemy, disagreement,
contradiction
AI; cf.
artificial intelligence, expert systems, intelligence
algorithm,
88-89, 140; algorithmic thinking, 140
alienation, 159,
161, 163; cf. commitment, participation
ambiguity, as
related to redundancy, 161
analogy, 141,
143, 148; rich analogy, 143; cf. metaphor
analysis, 4, as
decomposition, 67; as dichotomy, 159; cf. system-subsystems, partitioning
analytic
philosophy, 134, 160-161
analytic
sentences, 134
Anaxagoras, 41,
78
ancestors, 201;
cf. death, past, future generations
ANT; cf. actor
network (theory, Bruno Latour, Michel Callon)
antagonism, 178;
cf. enemy, conflict, cooperation
anti-planning,
49; cf. anti teleology, anti-thinking
anti
teleology, 49, 216-217, 246-258; cf. anti
thinking, Checkland, postmodernism, ateleology, romanticism
anti
thinking, 49, 176, 203; cf. anti
teleology, ateleology, aesthetic, antinomy,
relativism, postmodernism, romanticism
antinomy
144,
170, 172; and synthesis, 172; cf. antithesis, vs. contradiction, vs. enemy
antithesis, 170,
172-177
aposteriori or
a-posteriori, 110; cf. apriori
apperception,
30, 73-75, 82, 93-94, (141-146, 197-198); cf. representation,
Weltanschauung, sweeping-in, attention, will
applied problem,
triviality of, 139-140
appreciation;
cf. value, evaluation, ethics, quality
appropriateness,
130; of solution, 142; cf. aesthetics, beauty
approximation,
4, 95; to truth, 144; endless, 4; cf. convergence, accuracy, truth, reality,
relativism, chap. (9), passim
apriori or
a-priori, 88, 109-111, 115, 124-126, 128-129, 132, 136, 194, chap. 6, passim;
vs. aposteriori, as hidden assumption, 184; Lockean,
99; empirical, 136; 110; self-examination of, 129; empiricist, 134; minimum,
124; Ptolemaic adjustments, 196; revision of, 194; generalization, 109-110;
validation of, 130; cf. presuppositions; minimal, 124, 133-138; for empiricism,
133, 136; cf. aposteriori (a-posteriori)
Aquinas, St.
Thomas, 18
arbitrary, 105,
117, 186-187, 189; cf. conventional
arbitrator, in
conflict, 174; distinguished from synonyms: conciliator, mediator in
negotiation or bargaining
archetype,
244-245; cf. myth, unconscious, Jung
archive, 101;
cf. database, library
architecture, 7;
cf. aesthetics, form, function, structure
argumentation,
175-176; cf. debate, learning, conversation, agreement, drama, sweeping-in,
logic, Hegelian I.S. (chap. 7), Leibnizian fact nets
(chap. 2)
Aristotle, 18,
108, 210-211, 253, 258; Aristotelian imagery, 210-211
arithmetic,
128-129, 130.131, (134), 192, 197; alternative, 129; and geometry and
kinematics, 197; cf. mathematics
armament; cf.
weapon
arrows-and-boxes,
inputs as, 107
art, 158, 249,
266; and management, social science, and physics, 93; cf. aesthetics,
apperception
artefact,
separability or context of, 54; cf. technology, machine, artificial,
instrument, production, function, means, tool
artificial, 4,
17, (131), 150, 156, 158, 161, 257, 259; cf. virtual, artificial intelligence,
expert system
artificial
intelligence, 4, 16-17, (21-22), 23, 26, 27-28, 39, 41, 63-64,
(71), 74, (78, 87, 90), 91, 93, 99-102, 115-116, 118-119, 124,
(129), 131, 134, 138, 150, 156-157, 158, 161,
195, 197, 214-215!-216, 256-257, 259-260, 262, 276-277; chap,
4, passim; cf. expert systems, intelligence; artefact, agent
intelligent
as-if, 46
aspect 46, 75,
(81), 107, 113, (119), 120, 124, 125, 149, 159, 166,
169, 170-171, 174-178; view, 194, 225; as
subjectivism, 151-153, as state of mind, 156-157; and set of representations of
object, 159; as descriptor, 192; cf. perspective, viewpoint, attitude, apriori, Weltanschauung, apperception, ateleology,
anti teleology, vs. objectivity, subjectivism,
relativism, observation, view, vision, image, picture, description, vs. action
aspiration
(ideal), 253
assumptions 94,
145, 125, 183; analysis of, 171, 178; basic assumption, ontological assumption,
184, 192; and unexplainable events, 136; cf. presuppositions, foreknowledge
astrology, 244
astronomy, 135, 196-197;
astronomical clock, 135; cf. Newton, Copernican revolution, Ptolemaic theory
astute
empiricist, 150
ateleology, as
basic design, 152-153, 216-217, 227-228, 252-255; cf. anti
teleology, teleology
atoms, 209
attention, 98-99,
102, 112, 125, 138, 142, 166-168,
185; cf. relevance, observation, aspect, Weltanschauung, perception, teleology,
apperception
attitude 105,
118, 159, 172, 252; as psychological temperament, 261; as alienated
experimenters, 159; so-what, 164; cf. aspect, viewpoint
attribute, cf.
property, 99-107, 202
auditing, 162,
190
Austin, John L.,
cf. action language, illocutory forces
authoring, cf.
learning
authority and
authorization, 99, 123, 144, 149-150, 153, 161-164, 167-168, 196;
delegation of, 163-164, 167; vs. strategic decisions, 196; as perfect
observer, 40; of international body, 188; cf. management, legitimation,
responsibility, power, hierarchy, ethics, dogma
authorization,
167 (SAF), 160-162, 164
automation, 115-116;
cf. artificial intelligence
autonomy, cf.
independence, freedom, trilogy, handlingsutrymme (in
Swedish), convergence
autopoiesis,
158, (169)
axioms, 136; of
clock events and kinematical, 135; proof of empirical apriori
set of axioms, 135-136; and theorems, 136, 142; cf. absurdum, theorems,
hypothesis
background, visual,
125
backtrack,
backtracking, 100
bargain, 174;
cf. negotiation
basic data, 137;
raw data, 82, 125, 133, 165-166
Bayesian
probability, 114, 153
beauty, of
systems, 120; of love, 264; cf. aesthetics, art
behavior, 149,
159
behavior, 148,
151, 154, 156-157, 159
being: cf.
existence, ontology, essence, substance, phenomenology, interpretive
belief, 24, 114,
171-172, 184; cf. faith, conviction, guarantor, trust, hope, doubt
benefit, as
resource allocation, 156; cf. performance measure, income, profit, ethics
Berkeley, G.,
35, 105, 122, 150; cf. solipsism
Bessel, 197-198;
effect, (156); cf. reaction time
bias, 141, 176,
183; cf. measurement, error, accuracy
biology, 116,
192, 197-198; molecular, 197; cf. function, life, organism
bird, black,
example, 29-30
bird, example,
123-124; cf. swans
bird-egg,
causality example, 134
bit, of
information, 161
black box model,
154, 156; cf. stimulus-response
blood, as
conviction, 178
body, knowledge
through/of, 263; cf. sensation, perception, sensuous, empiricism,
aesthetics, hypermedia, implementation, reality, mind, unconscious
Boolean
compounding, 100-101, 106; class logic, 108-109
boundaries, 222
brain, 6, 23,
27-28, 39, 41, 118; as information processor, 161; monkey-brain, 23; research,
161; cf. spirit, soul, mind, reason-intellect, artificial intelligence
brain, human,
161
brain, monkey or
ape, 23
bricolage and
tinkering, 41, 51, 153, 193-194, 196; cf. improvisation, adaptive, evolution, ateleology, anti teleology,
intuition, play, shift-and-drift
brilliance
(intelligence), 222
browsing; cf.
library, representation, navigation
Buddha, 204; cf.
God
Buchanan, B.,
79n
budgeting, 67;
and cost accounting, 166-168; cf. PPB
bureaucracy, 162
business, cf.
inventory, manufacturing, sales, e-business
butterfly and
storm example, 63
buzzwords, in
management fads, 92
calibration, 52,
132, 135-136 (A. Danielsson), 152,
191, 198; as adjustment of readings, 195-196; cf. measurement, standard
capital,
165-167; cf. inventory, environment, investment
car, and rock on
road, 114-115; log across the road, 160
cardinality, and
ordinality in measurement, 152
care; cf. lova, attention
Carnap, 81
case study, 131-132;
(152), 171, 193, 255-256; and generalizations, 79, (108); and fact, 256;
cf. ethnographic method, observation, generalization, uniqueness
catalogue, of
opportunities, cf. repertoire
categories,
75-76, 108-109
catchwords, in
management fads, 92
causality, 23,
44, 110, 113, 126, 131, 134; vs. statistical correlation, 131; in Hume,
130-131; causal hypotheses, 113; cf. explanation, understanding,
producer-product, change
centralization, 67-68;
as levels, 76-77; cf. decentralization, hierarchy, levels
certainty; cf.
uncertainty
certification,
cf. validation
change, 3, 11-12,
12, 14-15, 18, 41, 43, 47-8, 50-52, 63-64-66,
77, (160), 175, 194, 196-204, 215, 228; resistance
to, 14; and politics-law revision, 193-194, 199;
why, 194; of object of measurement, 196-197;
optimal, 175; as revolution or counter-theories, 199; as revision
of apriori, 194; and variation and revision in
measurement, 191-200, 204; as adaptability to environment, 213; vs.
restfulness, 200; as design, p. vii; cf. evolution, stability, process,
variation, progress, shift and drift, trial-and-error, bricolage, creativity,
learning, improvement, sweep-in, implementation, revision, causality,
variation, revolution, flexibility, maturation, development, synthesis
chaos theory, as
example of butterfly vs. storm, 63
chapter (1), 3,
63, 74, 77
chapter (2), 19,
21, 95, 97 (ex.), 105, 111, 116, 119, 122, 135, 144, 176-177
(summary), 194, 197, 241
chapter (3), 20,
37, 34-35, 42, 39, 40-41
chapter (4), 37,
39, 79, 116, 144-145, 197-198, 180, 259
chapter (5), 37,
95, 20-21, 33 111, (Leibniz), (118), 116, 122-123, 144, 177, 194,
242, 259, 105; vs. Leibniz, 241-242
chapter (6), 37,
128, 20, 70, 87, (95), 106, 109, 111, 116, 126, 149, 176-177,
194, 242, 259, 265
chapter (7), 20,
37, 149, 70, (95), 105, 119, 147, 194, 215, 249, 265, 271
chapter (9), 20,
37, 85, 186, 46, 85-86, 105, 119, 211, 214, 222-223, 253
chapter (10),
209, 238
chapter (11),
93, 122, 219
chapter (12),
180, 230, 180
chapter (13),
237, 229
chapter (16),
274, 109?
character; cf.
entity, individuation, pattern, property, object
checkers-chess,
examples, 22, (125), 138, 142; cf. games
Checkland, P.;
227-229, 249, 252, 254; vs. anatomy of goal seeking, purpose, will, and anti thinking, anti teleology,
247-258; ateleology, 227-228, 252-255; rich picture,
71-72, 170-171; and pluralism, 71; cf. Weltanschauung, 169-176
checks and
balances, 169
chemistry, chap.
(4) passim, 116, 144, 198
chess, 22-23,
26, (120), (125), 138, 142, 187 (arbitrary), 189; cf. checkers-chess
Christ, cf. God,
religion, ethics, Buddha, hero
Church; as
design of individual's relationship to his God, 205; vs. expertise in moral
matters, 163; cf. religion
Churchman, C.W, on global ethical management, cf. ethics and
http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/~gem
circle, vicious,
169; cf. vicious circle, infinite regress
clarity,
clearness (cf. simplicity), 20-21
classes, 33,
108-109, 159; cf. logic
classification,
33, 36, 42, 117, 159, 186-187, 192, 204; coding, logical
division, exhaustive-inclusive, 192; as distinctions, 192, 270; as labelling,
101; of sciences, 197; cf. measurement, partitioning, distinctions, taxonomy,
categories, definition, partitioning
clear, vs.
distinct, and simple vs. complex, 19-21
client, 47-48;
mankind as generalized client, 65 vs. 67, 200-201; as future generations, 201;
as an ought, 48; and ethics, 48
clock, cf.
space-time, 106-107, 109-110, 131-132, 134-135; as an a priori, 110,
astronomical botanical psychological, 110; astronomical, 110, 135
closed system,
44
coarse picture;
cf. detail, image, clarity vs. simplicity
coconstruction, as
collective mind, 162; cf. construction, cooperation, consensus, general will,
dialectics, learning
coconstructive
mind, 71, 162, 174
coding; 117,
192; cf. classification, taxonomy, measurement
cognition: cf.
cognitive models, recognition
cognitive
dissonance, 171
cognitive
models, 156-157-158, 160-161; of value judgements, 102; recognition,
145; cognitive science, 161; cognitive styles: cf. styles, of inquiry (chaps.
2-10); cf. learning, inquiry, knowledge, mental models
coherence
(theory of truth), 33
collaboration:
cf. cooperation, work
collective
conscious, 154, 162, 164
collective mind,
70, 162, 194, 196
collective
unconscious, 203, cf. Jung, unconscious
color,
perception and observation of, 101, 103, 150-151, 157-158, 164
comedy, 254; cf.
comic
combination, and
imagination, 31-32, 36; cf. creativity
comic, 178, 205
command, 115; ; cf. imperative mood
commerce,
Internet-, 165; requiring decomposition principle, 67; cf. inventory wharehousing, e-business
commitment (cf.
conviction, vs. cf. alienation); ontological, basic assumption, 192, 177
common sense,
19, 135, 162; realsim, 19; in pluralism, 71
communication,
5-6, 35, 107, 118-119, 123, 125, 135, 152,
169, 171, 198; for explicitation of design 155-157; rich, 122; language of, 124; scientific, 61;
efficiency of ICT information and communcation
technology, 137; cf conversation, language,
democracy, agreement, cooperation, Internet
communicative
action; cf. action language, is-ought, Habermas
communism,
172-173, 222
community,
Lockean, chap. (5), 101, 123, 187, 189, community of minds, 97; of practice,
167; conventional, 150; community or public knowledge, 154; interpretive
community, 159; cf. Lockean I.S. chap.
5 passim
comparative
method, 152-153
comparison, 187;
of utilities, 155; and transformation into numbers in measurement, 187; cf.
measurement, ordinality and cardinality, otherness
competence, 191,
200, 228; core, 184; in observation as judgment of competent over-observer,
191; cf. knowledge, learning; expert, perfect or normal observer, perfect
observer, metadesigner, implementation, practice,
evaluation, measure of performance
competition,
between fact nets, 86, 93; cf. chap. (7) passim
completeness,
124; 199, 262; of empirical count, 120, 124; cf. contentment
complexity, 56,
137; and simplicity, 141;and simplicity, clarity, and
distinctness, 19-21; cf. simplicity
components, as
subsystems, 7-8, 49-60, 56-57, 67, 167; cf. subsystems, parts
compromise, 174;
cf. negotiation, agreement
computer as
person (ref. Janlert, L-E), 214; cf. behaviorism
computer
science, relevant direct or indirect references to, vii, 6, 9, 11-13, (14),
15-18, 20-21, 25-27, 35, 37, 45, 54, 58-59, 80, 82, 90-93, 101, 104, 112, 115-116,
118, 125-126, 129, 130-132, 137, 150, 158, 160, 171, 195, 197, 212, 214, 216;
parsing 20-21, 142-143, 202; executive of operating system, 27; intelligence
of, 259; as instrument, 81-94; support, 6; cf. tool, instrument,
Hegelian IS, artificial intelligence, program
computer
support, 115-116, 118; for negotiation, cf. Hegelian IS; cf. tool, instrument,
artificial intelligence
computerization,
as logical reconstruction, 195
computing
,
science: cf. algorithm, and Leibnizian inquiring systems, chap. 2 passim
computing,
ubiquitous: cf. mobile Internet
conceptual
framework, 82, 143; cf. system definition, model, theory
confidence, 83,
90, 111, 113, 199; cf. trust, conviction, confirmation
conferencing, 13
confirmation,
81; degree of, 80, 83; cf. confidence
conflict, 73,
105, 173-174, 177, 185, 188, 191, 196, 199, 203;
resolution of, 174, and cf. diplomacy; of ideas, 177, 185; in measurement,
190; cf. agreement, disagreement, debate, enemy, diplomacy
confusedness,
96; as related to aesthetic, cf. simplicity, complexity, clarity, distinctness
connotation,
161; cf. denotation or extension
consciousness,
28, 39; political, 184-185, 276; cf. self-consciousness,
self-reflection, explicitness, unconscious
consensus, 92;
cf. agreement, consistency, chap. (5) passim
conservative,
and reactionary, 17, 204; cf. reactionary, revolution, change
consistency,
31-32, 190-191, 193, 195, 198; in replications of observation in
measurement, 191, 193; as overcoming of inconsistency, 197; cf. agreement,
consensus, ambiguity
construction,
14, 33 & 175 (embryonic models), 56-57 (learning -part of the
system), 63 (adaptivity-flexibility-stability), 105, 120 (who), 141
(flexibility), 162 (audit), 169 (picture), 171 (Hegel), 172-174 (coconstructive mind), 176 (cost), 199, 219-220, 227-229,
232, 235, 250, 253-244; as system reconstitution, 67; cf. fact-nets, consensus
construction,
criticism of, 33, 63, vs monistic apperception, 75-76; as learning, 108;
depictive, 141 & 145; and agreement, 173,
174, 176-177, 194 ; challenge of 198-199 ; vs. embryo, 14, 15,
33; vs. change, 41; as trial and error, 51; as adaptive system, 63;
vs depictive reality, 76; as progress, 178; as pluralism and common
sense, 71; as collective mind, 162
constructivism,
72; cf. construction
constructs, 72
consulting, 74;
and system, 184; cf. expertise, planner, designer
contentment, 199
context, 109,
167; and separability, 54; contextual induction, 109, 112; cf. system,
environment, narrative, textualization (Zuboff)
contextual
justification, 112
contingent facts
or truths, 29-31, 76, 88, 96
continuous
systems development, cf. evolution, improvement, change, revision, coconstruction, stability, learning, reengineering
contradiction,
32, 108, 170, 172, (182); as antinomy in unconstrained reason, 145, 170;
apparent, 136; self-contradiction, 31; as stopping of formal inquiry, 70; vs.
deadly enemy, 172; vs. contrariness, 182; cf. counter-instance, agreement,
conversation, antinomy, self-contradiction
contrariness,
182, 193; logical, 182; vs. dual Weltanschauung, 198; cf. (counter)-hypothesis
control, 135,
150, 158, 196; as self-reflection, 158; as test of validity of
results, 149; cf. guarantor, management, executive, implementation, authority,
hierarchy, cybernetic feedback, power, evaluation, monitoring
conventional,
71-72, 101, 105, 112, 114-115, 117, 119-120,
123, 135, 137, 150, 186-189;
community, 150; Lockean inquirers, 115; cf. arbitrary
convergence,
32-34, 95-96, 175-176, 194, 197, 199, 202, 241; of system actor roles, 200-201,
204; cf. sweeping-in, approximation, agreement, accuracy, ideal seeking,
monism, Singerian inquiring systems chap. 9 (passim)
conversation
,
70, 112-113, 136, 172-175, 185; conclusion vs. question, 118-119,
172, 277; cf communication: viii, contradiction,
debate, sweep in, conversation killing
conversation
killing, 6, 104-105, 144, (174), 198; as uncertainty blocked our of discourse, 202; depictive,
115; convention, 123; 160-164, 173, 198; through contradiction, 70; vs.
deadly enemy, 172; cf. disagreement, agreement, counter-instance, debate,
conflict, enemy, contradiction, conversation
conviction,
98-99, 111, 119, 122-123, 154, 170-174, 177-178, 184, 190, 229; from refinement
or precision, 190; as vision, 178; origin of, 174; designer's, 154; as
reflective intuition, 107; cf. feeling, vision, commitment, engagement,
evidence, credibility, confidence, trust, faith, rhetoric, aesthetics
cookery, 266;
cf. nourishment, gastronomy
cooperation, 54,
118-119, 121-122, 156, 174, 200-203, 250, 254; as ethics
defined, 200; cf. learning, implementation, trilogy, production,
agreement, politics, ethics, power, democracy, conflict, CSCW,
love, charity
Copernican
revolution, 137, 196
core competence,
184
correlation,
statistical, vs. causality, 131
correctness,
170; cf. accuracy
correspondence,
reality as, 160
ost
accounting, 65-66, 124-125, 163-164, 167-168; in inventory control, 165
cost, and
benefit, 67, 90-91, 92, 120-121, 124, 141, 163-165-166, 168;
177, 245, 270; of information, 120-122; opportunity cost, 165; and accuracy,
62; of empirical research and politics, 120; as resource
allocation, 156; cost reduction, 124; cf. performance, measure of performance,
resource, downsizing, reengineering
cost, systemic,
55, 141, 167-168, 176-177, 188; and empiricism, 120, opportunity
cost, 167, 169; marginal, 141; cost
effectiveness, 67; and savings, 124
counter-instance,
194; counter-induction, 111-112; cf. contradiction, perfect observer
Cranberg, L.;
cf. law, 198
creativity, 3-4,
13, 17-18, 30, 116, 118, 139-140, 142-143, (167), 195, 205,
216, 243 (religion), 249; as patterns of discovery, 80, 280; and design,
18, 142-143, 205; as discovery, 195; creative act, 243; in finding a rich analogy,
143; vs. methodology, 262; and the unconscious, 264-265;
cf. design, imagination, vision, production,
intuition, learning, inspiration
credibility or
credence, 98, 171-175, 190; cf. accuracy, trust, conviction, validity and
validation, evidence, proof
crucial test,
136, 159; cf. test
CSCW, cf.
cooperation, work, action-activity
Cuba crisis, 98
culture, 74,
105, 108, 170; cf. Weltanschauung, tradition, paradigm, Lockean community,
consensus, history
cumulative
knowledge; cf. fact nets, Leibnizian IS, Lockean IS
curiosity, 26
customer, cf.
client
cybernetics,
214; cf. control, management
cyberspace; cf.
Internet, community, system
data, 6,
8-9, 11, 36, 60-62, 72, 84, 90, 114, 125, 132-134, 137, 171, 215;
collection of or memory, 6; separability of, 88-91, 110, 114, 132; collection,
153; data and program, 103; and assumptions, 132; economical set of data, 86,
137; vs. theory, 87; as system, 168; v s. information, 171; as optimum model,
171; immediate sense, 151-152; warrant of, 94-95, 169; raw basic data, 82, 99,
125, 133, 137, 165-166; and generalization, 111; immediacy of sense data, 155;
representation, 116, 125-126, and chap. 7, passim; cf. symbol, input,
picture, image, reception, fact, basic data
data analysis,
88-91, 114
data base, 9-10,
60-62, 95, 98, 101, 106, 108-109, 110, 114-115,
117, 120-121, 132-133, 160-162, 164-165-166,
171, 173, 175, 195, 216, 259; as instructions or program 202; as
Lockean IS, 99-118; as library, 117, 121; as function of identifier, 106; as
filing system, 101; as "is-it-indeed?", 164; as repertoire,
170; as image of reality, 160; vs. information system, 85;
database systems, 121; transmitting data from, to theoretical sector, 132;
acceptance of warranted, 195; cf. object orientation, data collection,
retrieval
data collection,
84, 99-100, 106, 110, 114-115, 116, 120, 125, 132, 153, 155, 191;
separability of, 132; cf. measurement, empiricism, rich data
data mining,
115, 132-133; cf. data collection, data base, statistics
data security, 161
data source,
150; collection from, 153
data structure,
137, 160-161; cf. knowledge representation
datadelegationen,
177, 180, 183
dead, clients,
(133), 201
death, 200-201,
203; dead clients, (133), 201; cf. future generations, ancestors, God
debate, 32,
(87), 158-159, 162, 175, 183, 185, 195, 199; as conversation, 174-175; vs.
dialectic, 183, 185; and objectivity, 162, 175; cf. agreement,
disagreement, conflict, learning, conversation
decentralization,
67-68, 196; as pluralism, 71; cf. centralization
decision, 105-106,
114-115, 164
decision makers,
43, 47, 52, 68, 92, 200-201; choice of, 52; and designer or
planner, 66, 68; as leaders and heroes, 200; cf. management
decomposition
principle, 67
deduction, 94;
and induction, 145; cf. induction
definition, 4,
29-31, 77, 136, 205; operational, 115, 187, 191; redefinition, 136; cf.
distinction, classification, translation
degree of
freedom; cf. handlingsutrymme, freedom, tolerance,
politics, power, negotiation
deliberation;
cf. judgment, inquiry (passim)
deliberative
polls, cf. democracy, democracy electronic
Delphi
technique, 106; cf. opinion surveys, disagreement
demand, 166-167;
cf. client, marketing, need, advertising
democracy
61, 68, 77, 105, 108, 123, 149, 158, 163-164, 169, 172-173, 176-177,
188, 194, 196, 203, 269; and law or legal system, 108, 123; and
information, 176-177; as community knowledge, 154; as collective mind, 162; in
inquiry, 268-269; as checks and balances, 169; as infinite regress, 169; as
mutual observation, 154-155; as agreement in replication, 190; as decentralized
control, 196; elec tronic
e-democracy or governance, (123), 269-270; cf. participation, cooperation,
majority, commitment, work, agreement, pluralism; vs. alienation, marxism, communism, power, law, justice
Democritus, 209
demonstration;
cf. absurdum, axioms, proof, test, validity, truth, conviction
Dendral,
AI-system, 98
denotation or
extension, 161
depiction, cf.
description
Descartes, 22,
62, 70
description,
depictive, 76, 115-116, 120-122, 124-125, 135, 140-141, 145, 159-160,
163-164, 166, 170-171, 178, 195, 209; descriptive research, 120-121, 125;
error as accuracy of, 201-202; vs. design, 135; descriptive vs. normative
model, 133; cf. image, representation, reality, depiction,
qualitative methods, normative, is-ought
descriptors,
193; cf. attributes
design, vii, 5-17,
48-49-50, 55, 74, 80, 97, 131, 135, 138, 150, 153-155, 162, 165-167,
169, 171, 173, 180, 205, 258, (276); defined, 5, 8, 14, 55, 59-60,
205, 258, 276; theory of, 262, 264, 267; prolegomena to, 16; subjectivistic theory of, 155; assumptions
of, 123; choice of, 56; and judgment, 175; economy of, 142; and
difficulty of planning, 153; essence and objectivity of, 159;
and hypothesis creation, 116; explicitness of, 155 and cf. explicitness;
economy of, 141; strategy of, 194-195; of agreement, 157; vs. description, 135;
as system, 55; as feeling of appropriateness, 142; and anti teleology, 247-258, 249; and living idea or
vision, 173; ateleology as basic
design, 227-228, 252-255; of a priori, 130, 142; ideal design, 74; of
calibration, 152; of observation, 119; and creativity, 204-205; of degrees of
freedom of action (Swedish handlingsutrymme), 164; of
designers, 43, 47, 52, 55; dynamic, 64; intuition in, 25; long range, 48-49;
and morality, 249; parsimony, 134; and problems in nature of inquiry, 259-273,
276; of science, 195, 201; and God, 205; separability of, 54, 66-67, 145-146,
and "ought", 74; short range, 48-49; of simple
inputs, 99; of input, 137-145; simplicity in, 78; of systems, 62-63-64;
of input, 128; creative, 143; of an apriori, 130;
experimental, 60; and Spinoza, 72; and short-long range goals, 48-49; and
is-ought design vs. description, 135; design situation: cf. uniqueness,
uncertainty, conflict; basic design and logical reconstructionism, method, 195;
vs. description, 135; for objectivity, 149; participatory: cf. participation
vs. alienation; of agreement-standard, 189; and history, 190, 195, 197;
design system vs. system, 62-63, 111, 115; as change or as leadership, 50;
critical desigh problems for I.S.
with maximal apriori, 142-144; cf. creativity,
form, function, creativity, intuition, romanticism, vision, ideal, stability,
quality, method, learning, explicitness, implicitness, education, implementation,
cooperation, tacit knowledge, construction, production, development,
aesthetics, progress, Rittel H.
design work, the
hidden rationale, 5, 8, 20, 32, 41, 43-46, 54ff, 125-126, 141-143, 153-156,
170-173, 243-245, 255, 262, 265, 276; practice vs. imagination, 13;
creative act, 17; imagination, 30, 32; elegance, 37; design
rationality-ethics-aesthetics, (38), 49; personal non-theoretical
knowledge, 87-88, 150; observed (design of design), 150; as personal vs.
community knowledge, 154-155; explicit design, 154; and method,
171-172; design process and reflective intuition, 107; cf. tacit knowledge, parti, judgment
designer, 43,
47-48, 56, 81, 91, 120, 146, 150, 153, 155, 158-159, 162; as having a
peculiar and separate role, 150, 153; as true paradoxial
non-designer, 155; behavior and designed designer, 150; anti
teleology of, 249; vs. decision maker,66, 68; as observer, 159;
subjectivity of, 115; identity of, 146; isolation
of, 120; vs. user, 118; designer's type of feeling against method, 92;
designer's knowledge, 154; and politics, 66; as observer, 150;
designer's conviction, 154; return home of from glamour, 203; cf. metadesigner, planner, expertise
detail, 87, 175,
190; as refinement, 190, 192; cf. partitioning,,
subsystem of system, level, hierarchy, classification, refinement, attention
determinism,
209-210; cf. mechanism
development,
224, 229; cf. learning, progress, evolution, change
Dewey, J., 189;
cf. pragmatism
dialectic, 170,
177, 182, 199, 245, 262; planning, 180; life of, 175; conviction in,
172; deadliest enemy in, 172; drama-theater in, 172, 178; and epic, 175;
eternity of, 245; Hegelian, 170; in humor, 174; in judgement, 175; and leisure
class, 176; long-range planning, 184; and political process, 185; and public
information, 271; of science, 224; dialectic within dialectic and isolation of
dialectic process, 183-184; transcendental, cf. Kant
dialogue, cf.
dialectics, conversation, language, sweep in
dice,
example,109
dichotomy, 159,
177; cf. classification, taxonomy, coding, analysis
dictionary, 29,
33
difference, make
a, 164; cf. pragmatism
digital
information, 161
diplomacy, as
avoidance of misunderstandings: cf. Leibnizian I.S.;
as creation of consensus: cf. chap. 5; as syntesis of
opposition: cf. chap. 7
disagreement,
105, 113, 119, 162, 188, 193-194, 199; as
significant variance or variation, 193; cf. conflict, agreement; conversation
killing, Delphi technique
disciplinary
science, 74, 195, 200; vs. interdisciplinary, 198; cf. discipline
disciplines, 40,
74, 195, as de Raadt modalities, 197; disciplinary
knowledge, 200; cf. interdisciplinary
discourse, 103;
cf. narrative, conversation, agreement, argumentation, dialectic, sweep in
discovery, 195
discrimination;
cf. partitioning, classification, precision, accuracy, definition
dissent, 105;
cf. disagreement
distinctions,
270; partitioning, 175; between types of validation, 225; cf. taxonomy,
classification, taxonomy, coding, measurement, definition
distinctness,
vs. clarity, and simple vs. complex, 19-21
distributed
intelligent systems, 196; cf. mobile Internet
diversity, 104,
204; cf. otherness, pluralism, uniqueness, individuation
dogma, 162, 237
don Juan syndrome, 11; cf. hero, 202-203; cf. restlessness
Dooyeweerd,
Herman; cf. multimodal, Donald De Raadt
double interact,
cf. Karl Weick, 99-100, 102-107, 118-120; cf. agreement,
cooperation, organization, Newton's syndrome
doubt, 109, 114,
172-173, 175; as a design method, 24; uncertainty of, 105; cf. probability,
risk, uncertainty, vagueness, faith, belief, trust, hope, skepticism
downsizing, 124,
165; as cost reduction, 141; as management fad,
92-93; cf. reengineering, cost reduction, just in time, efficiency,
effectiveness, productivity
drama, as living
reality, 170-173, 175, 178, 181, 203, 244; cf. narrative, myth, rhetoric
Dreyfus, H., 16
drifting, or
drift in the use of technology; cf. shift-and-drift, function-creep
duplication, cf.
replication, uniqueness
dynamic
knowledge or learning, 112; cf. evolutionary, learning
ecology, 144,
202; cf. pollution, aesthetics
e-commerce, cf.
Internet commerce
economics, 25,
37, 67, 120, 122, 124, 137-138, 141, 152-153, 163-168, 176, 211; of
information, 124; mathematical, 25; and social aspect, 124; cost accounting,
65-66; economic value of simplicity, 138-139; economic theory, 152; of data
bases, 120-121; of information, 124; cf. cost, benefits, capital investment,
profit, measure of performance
economy, of
inquiry or thought, 15-16, 86, 120, 124, 137-138, 217; as effectiveness vs.
parsimony, 141; of computation, 37; economical set of data, 86; of simplicity,
137-138, of time, 81
education, 184,
230, 268-269; and implementation, 230-236; graduate, 268; theory
of, 230; and learning, 159-160; educational process, 158; cf. learning
effectiveness,
43, 133, 137; of inquiring systems' sectors, 133; as simplicity, 137; as
economy, vs. parsimony, 141; vs efficiency, 137; cf. measure of
performance, separability, efficiency, productivity
efficiency, vs.
effectiveness, 137; cf. effectiveness, parsimony, productivity
EIS, cf.
executive inftelligence systems
electronic
commerce etc., requiring decomposition principle, 67, 165; cf. Internet
elegance; 120;
cf. aesthetics
elementary, as
simple and clear, 19
elements, 19;
cf. input, entity
elephant and
blind men example, 150, 159
elusiveness, 4,
18, 28, 195; cf. explicitness, intuition, tacit knowledge
emancipation, 13
embodiment, cf.
body
embryo, 33;
embryonic incrementalism, 41, 64-65, 228; as Newton's syndrome, 64; cf.
adaptive system, evolution
emotions, 203;
cf. mood, feeling, conviction, value
empiricism, 40,
61, 68, 71-72, 95-102-127, 116, 129, 131-132, 134-135, 146, 150-153,
155, 166, 171, 242; logical, 160, 166; and information, 166; and cost, 120;
naive, 191; philosophically astute, 150; empirical investigation,
134; minimalistic, 134; subjective, 153; presuppositions of, 110; British, 151;
vs. mathematics, 112; empirical method inquiry, 110, 112, 116,
121, 123-124, 155; completeness of empirical inquiry (cf. statistical
sampling), 120, 124; empirical research's cost and politics, 120;
empirical language, 125; is-ought linguistic puzzle of, 102, 202; cf.
experiment, experience, observation, sensation, perception, data collection,
Lockean IS, chap. 5, passim, practice
empowerment,
200; cf. autonomy, participation, politics, power
end, 45; and
religion, 242
enemy, 98, 172,
180-181; 98, knowledge of; deadliest, 172-173, 178; cf. conflict
England,
empiricism developed in, 150
entanglement,
167; cf. system, context
entelechies, 39
entity, 45, 93,
99, 104, 108, 106, 125-126, 129; as "it" or "what",
128; teleological, 93; process as entity, 100; entity relationship, 34; cf.
object, system, subject, individuation, uniqueness, element, actor
environment, 8,
13, 42-78, 150-151; esp. 51-52, 56, 63; 166-167, 247-248;
of science, 200; control of, 167; as informational constraint, 164; as size or
limits of system, 56; as higher-level; cf. input, external Weltanschauung, 174;
cf. separability, input, context, Swedish "handlingsutrymme",
"milj"
EOQ
(economic order quantity), 165
epic, 174, 177,
182, 203; cf. drama
Epictetus, 252
epistemology,
17-18, 103, 155, 171-172
ERP enterprise
resource planning; as management fad, 92-93; cf. manufacturing, management
information systems MIS
error, 113, 136,
201-202, 242
esoterism, 58,
184, 200; cf. exoteric, accuracy, measurement
essence, 27-28,
cf. existence, 76
ether, 238
ethics, 12, 48-49,
63, 70, 73, 163, 197-198, 200, 202, 216, 218, 222,
255; morals 6, 17; personal, 200-201; as function of clients, 200-201; as good
intentions; vs. authority-responsibility, 196; as power or cooperation, 200;
and power, knowledge and beauty, 73; and theology, 200; ethical
judgement, (202); vs. value measurement, 152-153; of imperative, 202;
cf. values, good, conviction, goal, purpose, is-ought, greed, God, guarantor,
warrant, cooperation, URL: http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/~gem
ethnicity,
multi-, (182)
ethnographic
method and observation, 119, 121, 125-126, 138-139,
154, 156, 159-160, 166-167, 171, 195;
cf. qualitative method, scientific method, observation
evaluation, 136,
263-264; empirical, 110; cf. value, utility, quality
event, 134,
136: cf. message, information, function, action, transaction
evidence, 55,
63, 76, 112, 152, 164, 172; knowledge and probability, 55; credibility
or credence, 173; vs. mood, 203; self-evidence, 27, 162; objective, 119; cf.
counter-instance; cf. proof, truth, relevance, validity
evil, 72, 76;
cf. ethics
evolution, 33,
63-66, 112; positivism as, 63, 66-67;
evolutionary adaptive system, 63, 175; as progress, 178; cf.
flexibility, adaptive, growth, progress, incrementalism, learning, change,
improvement, change, survival-reproduction, coconstruction,
reengineering, embryo, adaptive system
examples,
pedagogical in the book; cf. bird (and egg, swan), dice, elephant, log, rock,
sawmill, toothache, radarscope, swan, sales statistics, color perception, log
across the road, sailing and smaller mind, spectacles, checkers-chess,
ticktacktoe, magic square, hawk-dove, mother and quarreling sons, stooge, table
or desk in measurement, monkey brain, rain today, butterfly and storm, Cuba
crisis, scratches on photographical plate, young Lockean investigator,
professors and dissenting students
excluded middle,
principle, 108
executive, 27,
33, 36-38, 142, 145-146, 148; operating system, 27; executive intelligence system,
97, 112-113, 118, 124, 175; ; executive
intelligence I.S.: cf. control, strategy,
intelligence, information systems, (operating system)
exhaustive
classification or taxonomy, 192
existence, 71,
76, 78; cf. ontology
exoteric, 200,
219-220, 225, 237, 268; cf. esoteric
experience, 26,
100, 119, 129, 135, 144, 148, 170, 250; meaning of, 70;
learning by, 131; human, 119; cf. learning, perception, sensation
experiments, 42,
60, 63, 73-75, 85, 87, 113, 134-136, 159, 183-184, 192-194,
198-199, 229, 231, 235; as systems, 60; experimental results and theory,
192; statistical, 183-184; experimental method, 113, 135, 191-194;
positivistic, 60; as alienation, 159; Galilei's, 132; thought experiment, 191;
experimental design, 113, 182, 183-184; experimentation, 51, 192;
cf. replication; cf. chap. (12) 230ff;
expertise,
49-50, 74, 82-83, 87, 99, 101, 111-112, 114, 162-163,
168-169, 176-177, 180, 183, 268-269, 272-273; and
information, 101, 114, 118, 162; in inquiry, 87-88, 99; test of,
163; in systems science, 231;defense of, 269; as subsystems separability,
53; and monism, 73-74; and democracy, 176; cf. designer, consulting,
specialization, artificial intelligence, expert systems, systems separability,
peer review, idiot savant
explanation, 4,
6, 26-27, 35, 37, 41, 46, 80, 83, 85-86, 100, 104, 136-137, 154;
unexplainable events, 136; explanatory model, 80; cf. why, because, meaning,
implication, interpretation, understanding, interpretation
explicitness,
145, 154-155, 171, 175, 177-178, 186, 194; giving up, 175, 177-178; cf.
implicit, tacit knowledge, design, subjectivism
exploration, and
innovation; cf. innovation
explosion, of
information, 176, 267; cf. expertise
expressing
information, 137; cf. gestalt
extension, 77,
or denotation, 161; cf. intension
external, 20,
33, 35, 36, 84, 122, 128, 144, 149, 151, 157-159; cf. input,
environment
extrapolation,
210
facilitator
(neutral observer), 159; as synthesizer, 174; cf. negotiation
fact (nets), 32,
37, 39-40, 79, 86, 88, 111, 127, 141, 143,
160, 164, 197, 225; top-bottom-end (of implication) 32, 39-40,
79, 88; in inducer, 143; in intelligence, 98; in Leibniz, 32; in organic
chemistry, 82; ranking of, 34, 37; as likely truth, 32; as information, 160
fact, 32,
86, 90, 150, 160-161, 164; simple, 108; objective, 158;
and action, 164; and value, 164; as likely truth, 32; and alienation of self, 161;
fact nets, 95, chap. (2) passim; cf. truth, data, past, evidence,
information, empiricism
fads, or
research or management, 92
faith, (164),
229, 237, 240-243; and science, 240-246; and belief, 24; cf. belief,
guarantor, conviction, trust, hope, doubt, religion
falsification,
24, 40, 88, 98, 136, 199, 220; cf. error, truth, conviction,
encryption, coding
fantasy, 96; cf.
imagination
fascism, and
socialism, 68
feasibility, 63;
as approvability-probability, 211; cf. implementation
federative or
federation, cf. system
feeling, 13, 76,
119, 151, 161, (203), 261-262-264, 270-271; as primacy of the
subjective, 151; as commitment, 171; sensation as surrogate of, 264-265;
subjective, 114, 155, 158, 161; as mood, 182, 203; of appropriateness in
design, 142; cf. mood, intuition (as "right feeling"), love,
conviction, experience, sensation, emotion, postmodernism, unconscious,
romanticism
Feingenbaum, E.
A., 79n, 100
Fermat P. and
mathematics, 112
figure, of
thought, 158, 169, 171-172; cf. image, vision, myth, symbol, metaphor,
aesthetics
file, 101; cf.
database, library
filter, of
information, 96, 98
fitness, as
appropriateness, 262
flexibility,
63-64, 110, 141, as change, 194; as adjustment of measurements, 196;
cf. evolution, learning, adjustment, stability, change, adaptive
flow, (28, 155);
as process vs. progress, 203-205; cf. fitness, process, creativity,
imagination, intuition, inspiration, enthusiasm, progress, learning,
romanticism
forecast,
105-106, 110, 131, 133, 150, 153, 165; cf. prediction,
regularity, replication, generalization, past, future, history, improvisation,
bricolage
foreknowledge,
109; cf. apriori, assumptions, presuppositions, user
model
form, 29; logical,
108; cf. formal, experience, feeling, aesthetic, sensation, value, judgement,
morphology, structure, experience, function
formal, 29, 70,
140, 171-172, 186; formal science, 129-130; formal thinking, 6; cf. logic,
mathematics
formative
context, (166); cf. environment, system, practice, praxis
fourth-box
imagery, 216, 243
fragmentation,
202
framework, 110;
conceptual, 72, 143
freedom, 11-12,
245; of inquiry, 58, of the press, 196; 71; of action, 164 and cf. degree of
freedom in action (in Swedish) handlingsutrymme, 7,
13; academic, 58; cf. stability, responsibility, autonomy, power
function-morphology/structure-teleology,
44-45, 197, 214; in Ackoff's book Scientific Method
155-163; of systems, 75; basic functions as apperception, 75, 78; as
action-activity; psychological, 261; functionalism, (204); cf. form, biology, Ackoff-Emery's book On Purposeful Systems pp.19-32
functionality;
cf. measurement of performance, satisfactoriness, quality, aesthetics
future
generations, 59, 247, 201, 254; vs. past, 201; as client, 201; cf. death,
ancestors
futures
research, 131; cf. forecast, prediction, cause, past-future
fuzzy sets, 105,
214
frutsttningslshet
(Swedish for no presuppositions), 124; cf. apriori
Galilei, G. 132;
debate (112)
gambling, 241;
cf. play, humor
game theory, 64,
153, 168, 235, 241; and nature, 238; cf. gambling,
games
games, 23, 125,
138-139, 235; cf. checkers, chess, ticktacktoe, magic square, virtuality, drama, play, rules
gastronomy, cf.
cookery, nourishment
general systems
theory, 41, 75, 77, 78, 93, (168)
general will
(Rousseau), 162; as supreme objective mind, 174, 176-177; as collective
absolute mind, 70; and group mind, 68; as good collective mind, 70
generalization, 8,
79, 94, 108-110-112, 123-130-132, 145, 152, 245, 257; as
learning, 108; sector of inquirer, 130; vs. counter-instance, 111-112; see
particularly: 114, 125, 129, 142, 256; vs. input, 130ff;
cf. induction, learning, client generalization
genetic
engineering; cf. molecular biology, 197; cf. information and chap. (2) passim
geodetic survey,
coast and, 187
geographical
information systems - GIS, see space-time framework, action, representation,
object-orientation
geometry, 28,
128-129, 134, 136-137, 197; alternative, 129; Euclidean vs. hyperbolic solic, 136; of physicists, 137; and arithmetic and
kinematics, 197; cf. space
Gestalt, as
expression of information, 137-143; cf. pattern, expression, representation
GIS, cf.
geographical information systems
goal;
goal-seeking behavior, 210, 213; vs. ideal vs. overall purposeful activity, 5;
partial, 73; teleology, anti teleology, ateleology, action
God, 12, 23, 24,
33-34, 36, 69-70, 72, 74, 95, (176)-177, 203, 205, 241; and intuition,
28, 243; in Leibniz, 33-34; as manager, 74; as the whole and overall system, 69-70;
proof of existence, 23, 33-34, 70, 263; and research, 244; as scientist, 74 vs.
96; as supreme objective mind, 174, 176-177; as general will, 162; as
cooperation, 200; as Buddha, 204; as endless approximation, 199; and the hero,
205; message from and hero, 203; design of relationship with / heroic mood,
205; Hegelian 177-178; as theological "whole breadth of inquiry", 196;
cf. religion, guarantor, warrant, Christianity, ethics
good, 12; in
rationalism, 73; ranking of goods, 73-74; as power in design, 6, 3 vs. 12; cf.
ethics, values
gossip, 98
government; cf.
state government, management, monism, executive
graduate
education, as young researcher, 121, 199
graph, 83, 181
greed, and
hypocrisy, 173
grounded theory,
61-62, 84
group mind, 68
grov bild (in Swedish), cf. coarse picture, vision, image,
simulation, detail, vs. skarp milj
growth, cf.
evolution, progress, incrementalism, learning, improvement, change, coconstruction, reengineering
guarantor, 59, 62-63,
47, 53-54?, 59-60, 62-63!, 68, 71, 73, 76-78, 93, 98-99, 105, 123-124,
144-145, 160, 162, 176-177-178, 201, 204-205, 216, 229, 237, 239-240-241,
276; design of, 23; in Lockean IS, 115, 123; external Hegelian, 145; and
nature, 274; and future generations, 247; as Hegelian Absolute Mind, 174; as
information master vs. slave, 161; for the elephant and the blind men, 159; as
Hegelian over-observer, 191; of a clock, 135; of reality of inputs, 123; cf.
control, warrant, belief, faith, God, ethics, conviction, security, trust
Habermas, J., as
faith in the existence of agreement, 243; cf. action language, is-ought, Werner
Ulrich, (Austin), (Searle's) speech acts
Hadamard, 28
handlingsrationalitet, cf.
action, response
handlingsutrymme
(Swedish for environment, degrees of freedom in action) and design 7, 13, 105;
cf. environment, resources, functional class, external, situated action,
autonomy, freedom, politics, oppression, conflict, agreement
hawks, and
doves, 182
Hawthorne
(idea), 54
HCI, cf.
human-computer interaction
HCS, Ivanov's
"humanistic computing science" (references to)
Hegel, G.W.F., 35, 70, 105, 158, 170-172, 191, 194, 235, 245, 249;
move to Hegelian from Kantian I.S., 265
Heidegger; cf.
phenomenology, interpretiive, ontology, existence,
being, otherness
Hempel, 256
heritage, 201
hermeneutics,
cf. sweeping-in, interpretation, understanding, meaning, apriori, aspects, translation, conversation as pp.
vii-viii, learning
hero, 200,
203-204, 244; and his god, 205; heroic mood, 202-203; design of, 204; cf. epic,
drama, narrative
heuristics, 27,
82-83, 144; search methods, 38
hierarchy in
systems, 76-77, 144; levels, 76, (105); and participation, 77;
cf. authority, levels, authority, power, separability, components
Hillman, J.,
178, 203, 280; cf. Jung
history, 133,
160-161, 166-167, 190; past vs. future, 110, 131-132,
133, 150, 153, 160, 166, 256; of observations, 191; of science,
193; importance of, in design, 190; cf. forecast, prediction,
past-future, future, past generations
hope, 237; cf.
faith, trust, belief, religion, future generations, doubt
horizontal organization,
196; cf. network
how, 194-195;
cf. why, what-how
human component
or dimension, humanness, capabilities of human component, 97, 118; cf.
humanism, social, individuation, uniqueness
human-computer
interaction HCI or CHI, 117-119, (121), 125,
137, 159; as time for performing a task, 15;
human systems components, 118; translation into the language of the
user, 125; cf. interactivity, reaction-response, support, computer, work,
usability, time savings, HCI, CHI
humanism,
Enlightenment's, 255-256; as individuality, 277; cf. personal knowledge; cf.
individuation, uniqueness
Hume, D., 119,
131; problem of, 110, 119, 131; cf. skepticism
humor, 174, 177,
203; of science, 235; cf. tragedy, comic, play, game
hypermedia, 9,
13; as sensation-surrogate of feeling, 264-265; cf. drama, aesthetics,
sensation, postmodernism, anti teleology, ateleology, synaesthesia, play,
network
hypersystem, 52,
(121), 149, 155-156, 158-159, 169,
175, 191, 196, 199; actor roles in, 200-201; as apperception, 73-74
hypertext, 117,
128
hypothesis, 80,
83, 89, 172, 192-193, 199; formulation, 194-195; vs. counter-hypothesis, 199;
testing, 115, 192-193, 196-197, 199; cf.
thesis, contrariness
icon, 20; cf.
picture, image, sign
idea, 20;
innate, 145, chap. (2) passim; cf. innate ideas, vision, input,
intuition
ideal, 199, 201;
and real, 178, 256; ideal design, 13, 74; idealist and realist cit., 199
idealism, 199,
204; and realism, 245
idealist, 199,
245; vs. realist, 199
identification,
36-37, (44), 48, 82, 85, 93, 100-101, 103-104, 106, 111, 124,
127-128, 131, 151, 193, 255-256; and individuation, 111; as conventional
identifier, 72; identifier, 106; cf. individuation
idios (idiography), 245, 256
idiot-savant,
32, 139-141, (216-217), 222, 260; ; cf.
expertise
if-then, 80, 94,
103; cf. implication, indicative "is", imperative "ought"
illocutory
forces, 102; cf. action language, imperative, indicative, is-ought, (Austin),
(Searle)
illusion, 157,
204, 262; cf. virtual
image
recognition, 38, 125-126, 138-140
image, 20, 76,
100, 103, 151, 159, 200; of the mind, 151; of reality, 202-218; ideal
scenario, 171, 177; of nature, natural, 159, 194, 209-212; as image-picture of
Weltanschauung, 169; images of inquiry, 209-215; as picture inputs to
Leibnizian IS, 20; as advertising or propaganda, 183-184; processing of,
124; as pattern of behavior, 5; as "arrows and boxes", 107; natural
or imagery, 194-195, 197-198, 209; cf. vision, depictive, Weltanschauung,
symbol, Jung-archetype, picture, natural image, ideal
imagination, 13,
18-19, 27, 30, 32, 36, 96, 116, 122, 127; cf. creativity, design, fantasy,
aesthetics, combination, metaphysics
immediacy, of
sense data, 155
imperative mood,
102-3, 105, 115, 201-202, 247; judgment of acceptance of instruction in, 164,
202; and linguistic puzzle of empiricism, 102, 202; cf. indicative; cf.
is-ought, ought, deontic, action, instruction
implementation,
5, 13-14, 18, 47-48, 52, 59, 65-66, 92-93, 114-115,
180, 193, 199, 219-229, 230-236, 269, 274; causes of failure, 232-235;
cf. action, politics, measure of performance, satisfactoriness, teleology
implication, 26,
31, 37, 39-40; cf. inference, induction, deduction
implicitness,
178; and explicitness, 155; cf. explicitness
impression, 119;
cf. sensation
improvement,
111, 153, 165, 201; cf. learning, progress, change, evolution, measure
of performance, chap. (7) passim
improvisation, 11,
41, 63, 83, 120, 153, 124, 153, (167); and planning, 41; as circumambulatio, 205; as storm sailing, 11; cf. change,
situated action, bricolage, shift and drift, postmodernism, satisfactoriness
and satisficing, vs. forecast, prediction, planning
income,
measurement of, 189-190; cf. benefit
inconsistency,
and its overcoming in reading, 197; cf. consistency
incrementalism,
41, 65, 71, 228; cf. trial & error, change
independence,
191; cf. autonomy
indicative mood,
102-103, 105-107, 109, 115, 135, 168, 201-202; as expert judgment, 164;
cf. is-ought, imperative, mood of propositions
individualism,
4, 68, 71, 154-156, 193, 202, 204
individuation,
36-37, 111, 129, 131; and identification, 111; by space-time, 110; and
uniqueness, 204, 245; vs. classes, 108; as same-another, 151; Jungian process
of, 262; cf. identification, uniqueness, entity, object, item
inducer
(induction) and fact net, 143
induction, 26-27,
79, 83, 87, 94, 108-110, 111, 115, 123, 124, 145, 151-152;
explanation of, 80; justification of, 79; Lockean, 112, 123; problem of, 80,
88; and deduction, 145; strategy of, 111; as a system, 90; Mill's laws
of, 113; inductive logic, 123; classical 79, 83; cf. generalization, deduction
inference, 94,
151-153, 191; from observation, 87, 152; cf. induction, implication, deduction,
generalization, learning
infinite
regress, 178; regress or vicious circle, 168-169, 188
informatics, as
method-science, 60, (74); cf. information, information systems
information; 9,
147, 85, 121, 159-162, 164-5, 167-168; 171;
structure 136-137 & 139; auditors, 162; additional or knowledge,
85; and politics, 121; and authority, 164; basic, 165;
expressing (gestalt), 137; bureaucracy, 162; explosion 91, 267; and event
or message, 136; interpretation of, 137, 142; the conquering lord, 161;
economics of, 124; empiricism, 166; experts, 162; in inventory control, 165;
and mind, 160; master-and-slave, 160-161; morality, 163; public, 176; reception
of, 100, 128; retrieval of, 101, 162; and teleology, 163, 165; mathematical
theory of, 161; and Weltanschauung, 169-179; digital, 161; systemic, 167-168;
teleological, 165, 167-168; structures of, 137; human as information
processing, 161; vs. data, 171; society, 217-218; for action: see log, rock,
action; cf. data, fact, input, message, event, knowledge, bits
information
system, 54, 56, 62, 85, 167-168; as part of or vs.
system, 56, 60; as design system, 54; as model or data, 61-62; reality of, 72;
vs. data base, 85; analogy to "total generator plant", 72; as
production system, 141; and organization, 121; executive and
strategic, 175; cf. data base, information vs. object,
metaphysics or ontology, inquiring system, passim
information
technology IT, cf. computer, communication, informationinnate
ideas, 33-36, 84, 105, 116, 122, 145
inheritance, 108
innate ideas,
chap. 2 passim, 145
inner process,
107
innovation,
sociology of, 93, 193-194; as restless change, 199-200, 203; and
exploration (of e.g. technology), 193, 199; and heroic quest,
203-204; cf. creativity, change, technology spread acceptance assimilation
input model,
142-143
input, 19, 20-22,
33, 35, 45, 96, 84, 86, 91, 96, 99, 100,
106-107, 116, 118, 128, 137-138, 142-145-146-147-148,
151-152, 154, 157-159, 167, 196, 239, 265;
as validated received entity, 107; input process, 99-100; mode of
receiving, 137; inputs and models, 140, 143, 147-148; arrows and boxes, 107; as
stimulus, 159; reality of, 122-123; as mode of receiving information, 137; as
inside/outside, 96, 151; distortion of, 156; adjustment of 196;
as part of the unconscious, 265; cf. observation, measurement,
information, message, apriori, inside-outside;
environment, idea, reception, data collection, problem definition
input-output;
representation of observer, 84, 156
inquirer (not a
special type of person), 268
inquiry: as
production system, 141; error in, 113; simplicity of, 142
inside-outside,
96, 150-151; cf. input
insight, 81
inspiration; cf.
creativity, intuition, imagination
instruction; cf.
is-ought, learning, imperative mood, program
instrument, 81-83-94,
115-116, 136; vs. theory, 83; teleological, 93-94; test of, 83; cf. tool,
means, measurement
intellect, 27,
145
intelligence, 4,
16, 97, (125), 137, 140-141, 143-145, 259-260;
intelligence test, 39, 140-141, 143; cf. artificial intelligence,
distributed intelligent systems, intelligent agents, reason-intellect, mind,
knowledge
intelligence
systems, military, 97-98, 124; cf. strategy, enemy, competition
intelligence
tests, 143
intelligent
agent, cf. agent artificial, artefact, artificial intelligence AI
intelligibility
as design, 145, 155; cf. explicit
intension, 77;
cf. extension
intensity, of
impressions, 107, 119; cf. sensation
interaction, 31,
43-46, 159, 168-169; cf. action, reaction, response, stimulus, dialectics,
communication, cooperation, learning, conversation, sweep in, human-computer
interaction HCI-CHI
interactivity,
15-16, 83ff, 106, 159, 168, 170, 171-174, 183; cf.
action-activity, reaction, response, human-computer interaction
interdisciplinarity,
40, 74-75, 195, 197-198, 200; cf. system, transdisciplinarity,
apperception, sweep in, conversation, perspective, aspect, Weltanschauung
interface, 151;
cf. separability, interaction, action
internal-external
(cf. input), 26, 26, 33, 36, 84, 107, 122, 128, 138, 144-145, 151,
156-157, 159
international
body, authority of, 188
Internet
analogies, 9-10, 13-16, 26, 61-62, 117, 120-121;
Internet design, 128; navigation browsing retrieval, 62, 117; Internet
commerce, 165; as scientific communication, 61-62; requiring decomposition
principle for business analysis, 67; cf. library, communication, database,
hypermedia, network, World Wide Web
interpolation-extrapolation,
112; cf. partitioning
interpretation,
110, 136-137, 142; ease of, 137; of data in Weltanschauung, 110,
169-170; of sensory responses, 194; of information, 137, 142; cf.
meaning, perspective, understanding, explanation
interpretive
approach, 49, 158-160, 170-172, 174,
176, 181-185, 198; cf. phenomenology, understanding, meaning,
life, intersubjectivity
interpretive
community, 159; cf. chap.(5) passim
interrogative
mood, cf. mood of propositions
intersubjectivity,
149, 159, 169; cf. hypersystem, interpretive approach
intervention,
171; cf. participation, cooperation, conflict, politics, implementation,
reality
interviews, and
alienated experimenters, 159; interview technique, 120-121; cf. conversation,
data collection, questioning, understanding, explanation, interpretation
introspection,
107, 129, 150-156; as inner process or reflection, 107; cf. subjectivism,
reflection, self-reflection; (sensuous) intuition, mind
intuition, 21,
25-28, 71, 76, 80, 81, 84, 87-88, 90, 92, 114, 119, 120-121, (150-151), 153-155,
158, 171, 176-177, 194, 203-205, 243, 261-263; as subjective
feeling, 114, 119; as common sense, 13; Spinozian, 25-28; as poetic
fashion, 153; reflective, 107; sensuous, 131, 145; as aesthetical fitness, 80;
having a feel vs right feeling, 90; aesthetic intuition, 124; cf.
judgment, creativity, imagination, perception, sensuous intuition, unconscious,
elusive, drama, romanticism, inspiration
invariances,
156; cf. change, trial and error, stability
inventory model,
53-54, 165-166; cf. Internet commerce
investment, 167;
cf. economics, capital
irony, cf.
humor, drama, narrative
irrationality,
159; cf. rationality, evidence, truth
IS, cf.
information (system), 159-168
is-it-indeed,
database as, 164
is-ought, 52,
54, 56, 74, 102-103, 115, 133, 164, 168, 198, 201-202;
in prediction, 110; and linguistic puzzle of empiricism, 102, 202; cf.
ought, instruction, ethics, ndicative, imperative,
description, action
isomorphism (cf.
general systems theory), 11, 110, 125, 154
it, 128; cf.
entity, individuation
IT-information
technology, cf. computer, communication, information
item, 101, 104;
cf. individuation
iteration (cf.
self, recurrence-recursivity), 135-136
Ivanov*, Kristo (project SAF on privacy,
integrity, and rule-of-law), 123!, 155, 167,
172, 174, 175!; checks and balances, 169
Ivanov*, Kristo, (project A2psi on "Psychology and
computers"), 6, 18, 24, 25 (intuition, Hilbert vs. Brouwer), 32
(love, idiot savant), 68 (vs. Jung), 81, 82, 92, 96, 97, 98 (psiA), (129) (precision), (105), 107, 110, 118-119
(love), 121, 123, 150, 162, 190 (convincing), 197, 216-217
(idiot savant), 215
Ivanov*, Kristo, (project AVH on
"Quality-accuracy"), 4, 6, 5, 9, 10, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,
26, 27, 29, 31, 32 (relevance), 33, 37, 39, 40, (46), 59, 60-61, 62-63,
65, 74-75, 77, 83-84-85, 86, 88!?, 95-96, 97-98-101,
103-104-105, 107, 109-110-111-113, 116, 118-120, 123, 131-132,
133, 135-136, 141, 147, 150, 153-154-155, 156, 159, 160-161,-162,
166, 167, 173-174, 175, 178, 186-187, 190-193-194, 199,
201-202, 211, 218, 225, 235 (replication, precision-accuracy),
239, 242, 253, 257, 265-266, 268, 272, 273, 277; convergence of search
& truth, 175
Ivanov*, Kristo, (project B&R on
Belief & Reason), 4, 12, 24-25, 28, 34, 36, 40, 49, 96, 119, 121 (D'Arcy
hierarchy spirit-knowledge), x163!, 172, 173 (love),
174, 176, 196, 200, 203, 204-205
Ivanov*, Kristo, (sub project A2M on
"Method for project Psychology and Computers"), 85, 92!, 139
(mat), 154-155 (Jung-A2psi), 171-172-173, , 177 (J), 178 (J), (190),
197, 240-241, 243, 245
James, W., 164, 168,
238, 240; cf. pragmatism
judgement,
25, 27, 28, 101-102, 113, 175, 193-194, 202; expert
and design judgment, 99; expert judgment, 164; as reflective intuition, 107; as
subjective belief, 114; as intensity of impression, 119; basis for, 101;
ethical imperative mode of, 202; and design, 175; by inquiring
system, 192; of whole system, 193; cf. decision, intuition, measurement,
deliberation
Jung, C.G., (105),
203-204, 205, 244, 261-262, 272, 277, 280, vs. 96, (171); value judgments, 102;
type, 19, 36; psychological attitude, 105; contemporary marriage, 199; Jungian
individuation process, 262; unconscious, (123), see innate ideas (vs.
archetypes), myths, mood; cf. Hillman, (178, 203, 280); cf. collective
unconscious, unconscious, hero, myth, individuation-uniqueness
just-in-time, 165-166;
cf. inventory model
justice, 123;
cf. law, democracy
Kant, 43-44, 70,
87, 106-107, 109-111, 147, 156, 158, 170, 172, 194, 242-243; vs. religion, 242;
vs. Leibnizian IS, 144; transcendental dialectic, 170, 172; and Leibniz and
Locke, 144; move from to Hegelian I.S., 265
kill maximizer,
93; cf. weapon, 73
killer
application, (112)
kinematics, 128,
134-135, 137, 197; and arithmetic and geometry, 197
knowledge, 8-10,
12, 17, 25, 54, 55, 62, 95, 153-155, 189, 200, 203, 233, 276;
intuitive, 25; practical, 5, 11, 13, 18; personal-tacit (cf. heuristic),
101-102, 107, 154; of reality, 204; of science, 200; and love, 203; knowledge
engineering or elicitation, 82-84, 87, 93, 138; as value, 95, 200; value of,
203; as power, 200; as reality and action vs. illusion, 204;
representation, 137; practical, 191; systematization of, 117; vs. politics,
112, 122; striving for, 267; cf. knowledge representation, data, information,
tacit knowledge, knwoledge management, wisdom,
politics
knowledge
management, 62, 74-75, 117; cf. navigation, inquiring systems (passin the whole book), knowledge, management
Kuhn-paradigm,
(199)
labelling of
inputs, 110, 117
laboratory
accuracy, 198
labour
unions (MBL-participation), 233
labyrinth, 144
Langefors, B.,
(THAIS & systems precedence analysis) 20, 24, 35, 38, 41, 45, 49, 51,
54-55, 63-64, 72-73, 77, 84, 96, 98, 101, 104, 105-106,
118, 130, 134, 136, 139, 161, (166), 171, 177, 186, 189,
191, 195, 224, 236, 243, 249, 253, 256, 259, 270, 275 (ADB)
language, 102,
104-105, 107, 116, 123-125, (139), 142-143, 145,
148-149, 171, 186, 189, 195, 201-202; language input, 105,
107, 123 (SAF); empirical, 125; common, 105;
of empiricism and inductive mood, 202; of learning, 201-202: of
measurement, 186; of communication, 124; and action: cf. action; passage from
is to ought, 103, 105, 115, 202; language games, (105); of doubt, 109, 114; of
science, 102; metalanguage and object language, 161; linguistic forms, 145;
cf. communication, conversation, illocutory forces, perlocutory forces, dictionary
law, 74-75, 106,
108, 123, 175, 193, 198, 204, 256; penalty of, 161; law
procedures, 106; as analysis of disagreements or politics, 193; and scientific
law (Cranberg), 75, 198; and democracy, 123;
cf. justice, democracy, Thomas A. Cowan
leadership, 196,
200; cf. management, decision maker, heroes
learning, 17,
56-57, 101, 108, 131, 145-146, 148-149, 173-176, 184, 201,
228, 230-236, 268-269; learning (information system) vs. organizational
activities, 56; as generalization, 108; objective,
149; as improvement, 153; meaning of, 131; dialectical, 180; as
education, 267-268; as objectivity, (145); and experimenters, 235; and
instruction, 103; and implementation, 235; in science, 228; in society, 228;
computer's, 131; expression or language of, 201-202; as generalization, 108,
111; vs. tacit silent knowledge, 149; styles of learning or of inquiry, chaps.
2 to 10; dynamic, 112; about reality, 146; and education, 159-160;
as psychic development, 171; learning systems, 56; by experience, 131;
cf. intelligence, knowledge, generalization, induction, flexibility, progress,
cooperation, improvement, insight, reason vs. intellect, trial and error,
education, experience, understanding, inquiry, sweep in, objectivity, debate,
change, revision, generalization, solution, stooge
Lebenswelt; as
living reality and conviction: cf. life world, phenomenology
legal, judicial
structure, 123
legitimation,
cf. authority, 163-164, 167
Leibnizian
inquirers, 36, 62, 66, 69-72, 108, 145, 147, (164), 170, 176, 197; and
Lockean, 230; and Kantian inquirers, 144; generalization of, 197; and Lockean
inquirers, 36, 230; and faith, 242; and unconscious, 265; Leibnizian science,
39-40; Leibnizian formal systems, 30-32, 136
length, measure
of, 152, 188
Lenin (Stalin),
253
levels, 11, 74, 76,
77, 91, 113-114, 153, 174, (204); of detail, refinement, 190, 192; of authority
or hierarchy, 76; cf. meta-, hierarchy, organizational
liberalism, 4,
68; cf. pluralism, chap. (5) passim
libraries, 9,
11, 15, 61-62, 101, 117, 120-121, 128, 267; Alexandrian, 117; cf. data
base, Internet
life, 157, 173,
249, 258; cf. biology, blood, phenomenology
life world,
171-2; cf. phenomenology
light velocity,
200
likeness, 101,
191; cf. identification, comparison, sameness, identification
limit (ideal),
257; cf. environment
limits, 73
Lindblom, C.E., 65-66, (228), 281
linear
programming, 67
linearity; cf.
logic, time, history, Leibnizian IS, vs. hypermedia
links; cf.
networks, chap. (2)
literature, 170;
cf. drama
living reality
and conviction, 171-172
living systems,
39, 41
Locke, J., 154,
169, 180, 183; chap. 5, passim; Lockean IS vs. Leibnizian, 111, 116,
122, 230, 235, 242
Lockean, young
investigator, example, 121
log across the
road example, information vs. action, 164; cf. rock on the road, 114-115; cf.
radarscope speck, 124
logic, 6, 13,
24, 29-30, 37, 60, 70, 81, 83, 85, 92, (94), 102-103, (105), 108,
(110), 113, 123-124, 134, 145, 160-161, 170,
192, 195, 198; symbolic, 6; reconstructed 195, 197-198, 215, 240;
inductive, 123; as probability, 113; transcendental, 145; as sociology,
198; Hegelian, 70; predicate calculus, 108; beyond logic, 192; logical
forms and classes, 108; inbuilt, 108; and contradiction, 70; cf. Leibnizian
inquiring systems passim
logical
empiricism, cf. logical positivism
logical
positivism, 134; logical empiricism, 159-160, 166; as inductive logic,
123; cf. "positivism"
logical
reconstruction, 13, 195
logical tests,
37
love, 24, 28,
(70), (119), (160), (169), 238, 243, 246, 255, 258, 264, 266 and knowledge,
203; as agreement, 119; as cooperation, 200; cf. cooperation,
enemy, trust, beauty
machines, 23,
39, 43-45; cf. mechanism, technology
macro, 44
magic square,
142-143
majority, vote,
105, 112; cf. democracy
management
information system, cf. system, Singerian IS, hypersystem
management, 74,
(148), 158, 163, 181, 196, 200, 227; as self-consciousness
and self-reflection, 158; as science, 74; and information, 163; and delegation
of authority, 163; fads, 92; of service, 185; and art,
social science and physics, 93; and authority, 163-164, 167; cf.
implementation, leadership, performance, metadesigner,
self-consciousness, self-reflection, authority, control, cybernetics, knowledge
management
manufacturing,
53-54, 92-93, 166-167; cf. production
market, as
non-separability, 67, 133, 167; marketing as advertising, 167; cf. pluralism,
sales, demand
Mars, unmanned
space laboratory on, 91
marxism, 18,
91-92, 99!, 97 (=Riley), 119
(misunderstanding), 153, (174-175), 184 (participatory); cf. communism, Lenin,
economics-politics-participation-implementation, MBL
Mason, R.O., 180-181, 184, 284
master, and
slave, 160; as servant, 168
materialism; cf.
reality
mathematics, 26,
94, 112-113, 125, 136, 139-140, 142, 192, 195; mathematical logic, (197);
arithmetic, logic
matrices, 125;
number 142
maturation or
"mognadsprocess", cf. evolution,
improvement, learning, progress
MBL medbestmmandelagen (participation act), cf. Hegelian IS,
159-177; implementation, politics
Mead, G.H., (106)
meaning, 9, 28,
30-31, 33, 70, 80, 95, 102, 104, 115, 137, 140, 157-158, 161,
174, 198, 203; grounds for, 70; of experience, 70;
teleological, 171; interpretive, (95); of variation, 193; as expression of
information, 137; significant data, 84; creation of, see Weltanschauung; cf.
understanding, learning, significance, interpretation, explanation, why,
semantic, implementation, evaluation, reflection, intepretive
approach
means, 5, 45,
73, 140, 163, 256; means-ends distinction, 43-46, 269-271; cf.
tool, instrument, action, goal
measurement,
112, 152, 186-205, 257; social, 187-190, 193; and observation, 110, 187;
operational, 187; analysis of variance in, 193; a priori in, 194; authority of,
196; control of, 196; scale, 85-86, calibration of, 191-192; of length, 152,
188; infinite regress in, 188; in Kant's problem, 194; in a Lockean
community, 187, 189; parsimony of (cf. sawmill), 196; partitioning in, 86,
192-193; of performance, 43, 47, 50, 80, 90, 189, 200; readings and
replications, 190-192; of science, 200; and simplicity, 188; standards in, 186,
188, 189; sweeping-in, 197; systems, 187-189; units in, 186-189;
and utility, 189; of performance, 50-53, 188-189; physical vs. social, 187;
economic, 189-190; arbitrariness of unit of, 189; value of, 190; as metric for
weighing of end-products (expected value), 46; as readings, 191, 193; cf. data,
instrument, quantification, classification, bias
mechanics, 59,
132, 136, 197; Galilei's, 132; quantum, 197; cf. morphology, function, physical
science
mechanism, 132,
160-161, 168; as imagery, 209-210; mechanist information, 160; cf. structure,
function, morphology, determinism
meditation, cf.
(prayer)
medicine, 51,
223, 256
memory, 6, 100-101,
157; cf. data base
mental models,
153-154, 156-161; mental states, 156-157; cf. representation,
perspective, virtuality, model
message, 118,
136, 144, 159-160; of information-data, 144; cf. information
meta- (cf.
levels), 17, 76, 153, 169, 183, 263; cf. hierarchy, metadesigner
metadesigner,
148; as observer of the subject, 158; as perfect over-observer, 191, (193-194);
as overviewer, 235; cf. self-consciousness,
self-reflection, manager
metalanguage,
161
metaphor; 93-94,
141, 143, 147-148; as biased mode of representation, 138-139, 141,
cf. analogy
metaphysical,
122; cf. ontology
method, 5, 13,
60-63, 72, 91-92, 113, 115-116, 132, 137, 143, 149, 152, 154, 171,
192, 195, 274-275; scientific, 60-63, 113, 115,
154, 190-196; vs. uniqueness, 205; and solution, 143;
qualitative, 192-193; resistance to, 92, 171; observational-inductive,
115; of proof, (195); trendy, 92; vs. theory, 132; as input structure vs.
theory, 137; critique of logical, 195; and science vs. politics,
60; resistance against the methodical, 92; problematic, 143;
of measurement, 152; cf. science, scientific method, research, solution,
logical reconstruction, replication, generalization; dialectics, ethnographic
method
metric, of
expected value, 45-46; cf. measurement
metrology, chap.
(9), 186ff; cf. measurement
Michaelson-Morley
experiment, 135
microbiology,
116
military,
intelligence, 97-98, 118-119, 124, 161; cf. strategy, tactics, executive
intelligence
Mill, J.S., 113
Miller J.A. (general systems), 41
mind, 6, 23, 39,
41, 87, 93, 97, 150-151, 197, 261; reflective, 27, 155; state of
mind, 156-157; absolute, 174, 178; constructive, 172-174, supreme objective
174, 176-177; collective, 70, 162, 194, 196; group mind, 68, 197; community of
minds, 97; as brain, 161; psychic development of, 171; reality of or models of,
151; system as mind, 93; cf. introspection, absolute mind,
intelligence-intellect, soul, brain, artificial intelligence
minimal apriori, 125; cf. apriori
mirage, 157; cf.
virtual
MIS, cf.
management information system
mobile Internet
(ubiquitous computing): representation in, 134-137; as adjustment of readings
in time and space, 195-196; problems of identification and
individuation, 37; as distance work, 13; cf. communication, inventory model,
distributed intelligence, individuation, identification
modalities of
propositions, cf. moods
modalities of
thought, and of systems, 197-199; cf. disciplines, sweep-in, apperception
model, 51, 133, 142-144,
147-148, 165; model building, 147, 165-166; input model, 140, 142-143,
147-148; normative, 133, mental, 99, 103-106, 154, 156-161; cf. user
model, mental model, system, simulation, image, perspective
modernism; cf.
progress, optimism, enlightenment, postmodernism
modus tollens,
40
mognad, cf.
maturation
molecular
structure, in mass spectrometry, 81
molecular
biology, 197; cf. biology
monad,
Leibnizian, 30, 35-36, 39, 41, 75, 77, 93, (162), (168), 212
monism, 67-68,
71; cf. pluralism, PPB
monitoring; cf.
control, management
monkey brain
(example), 23
mother;
archetype of the Great Mother, 244; cf. archetype
mood or
modalities of propositions (indicative, imperative, counterfactual conditional,
interrogative), 102; cf. indicative, imperative
mood, 173, 182,
202-204, 205; cf. attitude, feeling, hero, Jung, Hillman, indicative mood
morality, 24,
200, 202; and expertise, 163; vs. benefit, 250; and design, 249; and
information, 163; in Kant, 255; cf. ethics
morphological
class, 44, 214; cf. function
mother; nature),
238; and quarreling sons example, 174
motive, good
reason, 181; cf. cause, teleology, goal-objective
multidisciplinary
research, 74; cf. interdisciplinarity, inquiring systems passim
multimedia, cf.
sensation, system, hypermedia, postmodernism, anti teleology,
ateleology, Leibnizian IS, fact nets, hypermedia,
hypertext, World Wide Web; as Lockean "five modes of sensation", 100
multimodal
inquiry, 196-198; systems thinking, 75-76; cf. sweeping-in, transdisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, apperception,
aspects, perspectives; Herman Dooyeweerd, Donald De Raadt
multiperspective
approach; cf. sweeping-in
mysticism, (58),
237, 249, 252, 265; cf. unconscious, intuition
myth, (96), 178,
203-204, 243-244, 245n; progress as, 178; cf. narrative, drama,
epos, hero, Jung, fantasy, imagination
narrative, 32,
174-177-178, 180; as epic, 174, 176-178, 182, 270; as story telling, drama, 177-178; and accuracy, 178; vs.
science, 178; as stories of the world, 32; cf. discourse, Weltanschauung,
conversation, play, theater, epic, metaphor, myth, drama, Jung, story,
postmodernism
NASA, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, viii-ix, 91; cf. space mission; Mars, and
whole book, passim
natural image, 191,
194-195, 197-198; cf. Weltanschauung, world
nature, 238, 260,
268, 275, 276; natural science, 159, 209-212
navigation, in
library (also as Internet analogy), 62, 117, 121; as visual recognition, 142;
as input structuration, 142; as art, 93-94; cf. retrieval of information,
space-time, representation, solution, knowledge management
need, vs.
demand, 166-167; cf. purpose
negotiation, 174;
vs. authorization, 196; cf. arbitrator, agreement, debate, bargaining,
conflict, facilitator
network, 9, 104,
108, 111, 196; as network organization, 196, 200 and cf.
centralization, decentralization; cf. hypermedia, anti
teleology, ateleology, tree, Leibnizian
inquiring system (chap. 3 and fact nets), Internet, World-Wide-Web, actor
network ANT
neural nets, as
induction machines 26; 119, 156; as induction from observation, 87, 123-124;
cf. Lockean IS, learning, intelligence, artificial intelligence
neuro-science,
75, 156-157
news, cf.
attention
Newton, I., 204
Newton-syndrome,
19, 64, 69, 123
Newtonian
mechanics, 136
node; cf. object
(chap. 5), network (chap. 2)
nominalism, as
conventionalism, 72
nomos, laws in
Greek, 80
nonconventional,
119; cf. conventional
nonlinearity;
cf. system, hypermedia, hypersystem, postmodernism,
debate, browsing
normal observer,
101; cf. competence
normative
models, vs. descriptive, 133; ; cf.
imperative mood, ought, is-ought, action, ethics
notitia, cf.
attention
nourishment, cf.
cookery
nuclear physics,
116
number matrices,
142
numerical
analysis, (140)
object
orientation, 149, 160, 166; as mechanical information, 159
object, 11,
70, 72, 82, 104, 124, 131, 149, 160, 162, 192, 196, 255,
(274); definition of, 109; as entity, 106; as identification-individuation,
128; vs. measurement of, 191, 196; orientation, 106, 160; subject as, 150,
156; object language, 161; teleological object: cf. implementation
objectivity, 63,
70, 71, 114, 118-119, 125, 145-146, 149, 166, 157-158,
175; and reality, 146, 158; of Lockean inquirers, 125; as design
separability, 54; objective learning, 149; as
agreement, 150; and debate, 162, 175; cf. learning, absolute
mind, truth, reality, otherness
observation, 40,
60-61, 87, 96-97, 102, 110, 112-113, 115, 119, 122, 125, 138-139,
146, 149-150, 153, 159, 166, 168, 189-191, 198; observational
process, 97; design of, 119; what to observe and teleological information, 166;
direct, 154; participant, 159-160, 184; accuracy of, 154; reporting of, 157; as
a reading, 190-191; participant, 156; and adjustment of readings, 195; and
hypotheses, 193-194; directing an observation, 112-113; history
of, 191; adjusting observations, 194-196, perfect observer, 111-112; and
measurement, 110, 187; inference from, 87, 152; independent, 191; cf. input,
sensation, perception, attention, measurement, perfect observer;
counter-instance, ethnographic method
observer, 6, 40,
101, 106, 146, 150-151, 153, 159; as user, 156, independence of,
191-192; of an observer, 146-147, 150-151, 158, 172, 235; representation, 159;
as a synthesis, 173; perfect or normal, 40, 101, 111, 150-153, 159, 191;
training of, 198; neutral facilitator, 159; observed as an object, 150;
designer as, 150; over-observer: cf. metadesigner,
manager, aspect, perspective
obsolescence, of
inventory, 165; cf. (Swedish) lager inkurans
obviousness, 98
Ockham's razor,
72, 138
ontological
transformations, as maximal apriori, 138-144
ontology, 28,
34, 69, 76, 144-147, 160; ontological commitment or
assumptions, 144-145, 191-192; as existence, 69, 72, 76,
78; and epistemology, 76; in pragmatic sense, 78; essences, 28;
ontological status of sense impressions, 72; in the improper sense of
predication, (103); cf. reality, assumptions, essence, existence, interpretive,
phenomenology, ontological transformations, virtuality,
metaphysics
operationism and
operational definitions, (115), 153, 186-188
operations
research, 166
operating
system, cf. executive
opinion poll,
170-171, 183-184
opinion, 114,
154, 162, 184; opinion survey, 106, 184: cf. subjectivity, conviction
opportunity
cost, 165, 167-168, 170; cf. cost
opposition, 173;
cf. conflict
oppression, 163;
cf. alienation, power
optical
character recognition, OCR, 26
optimism, 202;
self-awareness, production-cooperation-progress, 178, 186
optimization,
67, 94, 152; 171, 182; and satisficing, 51; as maximization of utility,
263; cf. satisfactoriness, improvisation
ordering, 152,
155, 192; cf. ranking
ordinality and cardinality,
in measurement, 152; cf. preferences
organism, 197;
cf. biology
organization,
72, 77, 97; theory, 72, 77; studies, 133, 170-171; and standard costs, 66;
study of, 170-171; of knowledge, 97; and information system, 121;
social, 97; network or horizontal, 196, 200; organizational
behavior, 133; cf. system passim
original, cf.
individuation, uniqueness, replication
otherness, 104, 151,
158, (161), 177; cf. uniqueness,objectivity,
identification, diversity, difference, sameness, introspection
ought, 52, 74,
133, 195, 201; and how-what, 195; cf. ethics, is-ought, imperative, normativity
outliers,
statistical, (111-112), 194
output, vs.
input, 137; cf. input
outsourcing,
165-167
overviewer,
235; cf. metadesigner
owner, of
problem, 146
paradigm, 15,
39-40, 85, 111-113, 194, (198), 199; paradigmatic science, 39; cf. culture,
scientific paradigm as style of inquiry
paradox 135;
systems analysis', 217; 255; of teleological information, 164
Pareto-optimality,
152
parsimony, 72,
138, 196; design of, 134, 138; and economy, 124, 141; in measurement (cf.
sawmill), 196; in generalization, 84-90, 114; cf. simplicity, economy, richness
parsing, 20, 30,
34, 36, 81, 142-143, 147
part, of system,
50, 56; cf. subsystem, component
parti,
such as basic general scheme of an architectural design, as generation of a
conviction, 171; as an apriori, 143; as hypothesis
creation in design, 116; cf. reflective intuition, imagination, design
participation,
196, 201, 250; and hierarchy, 77; participant
observation, 159-160, 184; lack of, 159; cf. MBL,
dialectics, democracy, implementation, cooperation, politics
particular, vs.
the general: cf. implementation, action, situated action; cf. generalization,
judgment
partitioning,
85-87, 112, 175, 190, 192-194; cf. precision, interpolation,
disagreement
passion,
171-173; cf. conviction
past-future,
110, 153, 160, 166; history, 166; unchangeability of, 160; cf. history,
forecast, prediction, time
past
generations, 160-161, 201; cf. history, time
path, 140
pattern, 5, 27, 26,
100, 123-124, 126, 138-140, 150, 173; recognition, 94, 100, 124-125,
140, 142, 150; cf. image, optical character recognition
peace, 71,
173-174, (188); cf. cooperation, conflict
peer review, 15,
35, 101ff, 162, 221; hearings, 272; as collective
subjectivity 58-59; cf. expert, agreement, consensus
Peirce, C.S., (187), cf. pragmatism
perception, 26,
30, 75, 103, 112, 123, 138-139, 142, 144, 155; selective, 171; as
interpretation of sensation, 194; vs. sensation, 125; cf. sensation,
observation
perfect
observer, 40, 111-112, 150-153, 159, 191; cf. observer, politics of science
perfection, 73;
cf. quality, completeness
performance, 91;
of standard, 188-189; cf. measurement, purpose, function and functionality,
evaluation, cost-benefit
perlocutory
forces; cf. pragmatism
personal
knowledge, 150-151, 153-154, 173; cf. tacit knowledge, silent knowledge,
community knowledge
perspective, 75,
111, 118, 125-127, 139, 142-144, 149, 153, 155, 158-159,
168-169, 170-172, 174, 175-177, 183, 194, 198;
teleological, 168; narrow or broad, 174; as state of mind, 156-159; transperspectivism, 75; as psychological attitude, 105; as
ways of looking, 159; as conviction, 172; as structuration of inputs, 142;
vs. truth, 143-144; and world-view or natural image, 194, 196; as
apperception, 73-75; as input strategy of an a priori, 137-145; as Singerian
natural image, 191, 194; ; as imageries of nature, 191,
194-195, 209-212; cf. aspect, Weltanschauung, apriori,
apperception, (point of) view, observation, model, (Kantian) representation,
impression, interpretation, opinion, system
PERT program
evaluation and review technique, and CPM critical path method, as project
management, 92-93
phenomenal-phenomenology
(cf. ateleology), 139, 151, 157, 158;
phenomenal world, 138-139
phenomenological
approach, 144-145, 151, 153-155, 158-159,
177, 257; and truth, 257; cf. interpretive approach, hermeneutics, Lebenswelt
phenomenon, 139;
cf. event, observation, reality
philosophy, of
science and language, 195; and passim
photographical
plate, scratches on (example), 137
psychic
development, 170-171
physical
science, 116, 137, 192, 197-198, 210; and art, management and social science,
93; geometries of physicists, 137; physic's data,
137; cf. Newton, Galilei, Newtonian mechanics, relativity theory
Piaget, J., 102
picture, 20,
151; of alternative actions or Weltanschauung, 169; rich picture, 71-72; cf.
image, vision, pattern
planner, cf.
designer
planning, 48,
67, 74, 77; dialectic, 180; difficulty of, and design, 153; cf. design,
management, hierarchy
Plato, 18, 36,
41n, 67, 78, (139); on memory and recognition, (101); and pre-Socratic 41;
Platonism, 41n
plausibility,
171
play, 125,
138-139, 203-204, 235, 241, 254; cf. drama, gambling, game, humor, narrative,
epic, myth
pluralism, 25,
68, 71-73, 78, 92-93, 105, 111; as plurality, 105; and diversity, 204;
cf. agreement, democracy, monism, pluralism, relativism, liberalism,
values, actor network, polytheism, postmodernism, chap (5) and chap. (7) passim
Poincar, 28
point of view,
75; cf. perspective
policy, of
research, 122; cf. strategy
political
science, 59-60
politics, 58-60,
68-78 esp. 74, 106, 119-120, 122-123, 172-173, 184-185,
193-194, 200, 217, 220, 222-225; 270; and
scientific method, 60-61; and subjectivity, 120;
and information, 122; vs. knowledge or science, 112, 122, 247; as analysis of
disagreement, 193; and implementation, 66, 233; and the state,
204; inquiry of, 58-59, 217, 247; as myths, 96; as incrementalism, 66;
political consciousness, 184-185; of research or science, 88, 122,
180-181; of science, 58-59, 111, 122, 180-181, 193-194; and cost
of empirical research, 120; cf. agreement, disagreement, general
will, pluralism, democracy, power, cooperation, conflict
pollution, 144,
202; cf. ecology
Polya, 28
polytheism, 73
Popper, K., (136),
(199); cf. validation, error
popular science,
8, 271
positivism, 51,
60-61, 81, 102, 108, 110, 114-115, 119-120, 122-123, 125, 129, 132-134, 142,
145-146; 160-161, 164, 195, 197-198; logical, 134, 160, 195; in evolutionary
development, 63; as inductive logic, 110, 123; logical, 159; cf.
agreement, conventional, logical positivism, database
possibility, 161
postmodernism,
32, (36), 40, 49, 68, (71), (95), (168), 170, (177), 178, 187, 189,
(196), 203-204, 217, 276; as progress-process, 40-41, 203-205; as
anti thinking, 177-178, 255; as subjectivism, 153; as
process, 203-204; cf. anti-thinking, anti
teleology, anti-planning, ateleology,
romanticism, pluralism, antinomy, relativism, skepticism, subjectivity
hypermedia, multimedia, progress vs. process, sensation (as surrogate of
feeling), feeling, unconscious, narrative or epic
poverty, 144,
178, 181-182
power, 6, 58-59,
68, 73, 112, 119-120, 160-161, 185, 196, 216-217, 219ff, 232-236; as
enabling value, 200; as value and ethics 73, 200; of a central agency,
68; as cooperation, 200; as centralization, 68; veto power, 111-112; cf.
politics, cooperation, agreement, oppression, alienation, monism, pluralism,
democracy, authority, responsibility
PPB (program
planning and budgeting), 67, 92-93, 226; cf.
systems planning, monism, strategic-tactical
practice, 13,
166-167, 225; community of, 167; practice-praxis, 171; practical knowledge,
191; work practice, 166; cf. reality, pragmatism, empiricism
practitioner,
reflective, 155; cf. implementation, practice
praxis, 166
pragmatism, 11,
120-122, 168, 225; as making a difference, 164; in research
politics, 122; cf. Dewey, J., James, W.
prayer, 243; cf.
religion, faith
precedence (cf. Langefors), 134
precision, 175,
196; as refinement, 86, 190-191, 196; cf. accuracy, partitioning, Ivanov
(project AVH quality)
predicate
calculus, 108
predication, 86,
103-106, 201
prediction, 110,
131, 153, 165; cf. forecast, regularity, causality, purpose
preferences,
152, 155; cf. ranking
prejudice, 159;
cf. apriori
preparedness,
170
presuppositions,
110, 124, 131, 133, 141, 184, 190; background presuppositions, 125; cf.
assumptions, a priori
primitives, vs.
logic, 198
price, 67
pricing, and
advertising, 167
priority, of
purposes, 73
privacy, 123,
151, 155, 161, (162), 173, 178, (220); cf. Ivanov (project SAF)
private
knowledge, cf. personal knowledge
probability 32, 45,
105, 108-109, 113, 153, 201, 211, 214, 252; subjective
vs. objective, 153; cf. risk, uncertainty, random, statistics, and logic of
problem, 146;
social 181; and the a priori, 138; of representation, 125; formulation, 146,
171, 195; solution, 138, 146, 254; solving machines, 38-39; problem owner, 146;
cf. representation, learning, input, solution, method
process;
endless, 199; vs. progress, 203-205; inner, 107; cf. change, action, function,
progress, postmodernism, ateleology, anti teleology
producer-product,
8, 44-46, 51; potential, 44-45, 4; inquiry as production, 141
product, vs.
service, 185
production,
industrial manufacturing, 53-54; cf. manufacturing
production,
inquiry as, 141
production-science-cooperation
trilogy, 202; and progress, 203
productivity,
137; cf. efficiency, effectiveness, parsimony, measure of performance
professions, 74
professors and
dissenting students (example), 199
profit, 124,
167; cf. cost and benefit, measure of performance
program 6, 103,
126; as a system, 90-91, as Leibnizian processors, 30-32; as project
management, 92-93; as instruction, 103, 115; vs. database, 202;
and data 102-103; cf. PPB, imperative, is-ought
progress, 39-40,
153, 175-178-179, 186-205, 201-204, 229, 245, 248, 254; measure of, 189;
defined as client, decision maker, and designer are the same, 201; in monism,
71; as myth, 178; vs. process, 203-204; progression of sciences, 39,
198; as adjustment of changing object, 196; as revolution of counter-theories, 199;
non-linear, 202-203; cf. absolute mind, optimism, change, postmodernism,
learning
project
management, 92-93; cf. PPB, PERT
proof, 195; vs.
discovery, 195; cf. validity, verification
property, 78,
99-100, 108; maximum, 34, 73; of object, 150; cf. attribute, predicate,
partitioning
prototype, cf.
simulation, hypothesis, thesis, test, model, grov bild - coarse picture, vs. skarp milj
psi, stands for
psychology
psychic
development, 171
psychoanalytic knowledge,
(97), 155
psychology
(psi), 75, 103, 133, 155-157, 160, 197, 204-205; as attitude, 105; and
religion, 265; cf. mind, sensation, perception, emotion, feeling, conscious,
unconscious
Ptolemaic
theory, 196; cf. Copernican revolution, astronomy, apriori
public 176-177,
180-183; well-informed citizen, 176-177, 269; as community knowledge, 154; cf.
democracy
public opinion,
162-163, 176
purpose, 5,
46-47, 69, 71, 73, 88, 163, (171), 214, 226, 246, 250; cf. teleology,
end, goals, objectives, will, desire
puzzle, 139,
143; cf. problem, solution
qualitative
method, 113, 115, 120-121, 138, 152,
192-193, 255; as empiricism, 113-114; vs. quantitative, 152;
cf. ethnographic studies, measurement, quality, quantification, descriptive,
interviews
quality, 12, 65,
73, 146, (165), 192-194, 266; as value, 190; (total) quality control,
65, 165, 193-196; as reliability of data, 10, 84; cf. total quality management,
evaluation, improvement, learning, evaluation, quantity, tolerance,
satisfactoriness, perfection, completeness
quantification,
quantitative method, 112-113, 192-193; cf. measurement
quantum
mechanics, 197; cf. physical science
questioning, 87;
cf. explanation, interpretation, understanding, why, interview
qui custodiet custodium, 135; cf.
watchdog
radarscope,
speck on, 124
rain today
(example) 31-32
random, 120,
199, 211, 252-253; cf. probability, statistics
ranking, 46; of
entities, 73; of preferences, 152; cf. ordering; net ranking
rational (cf.
reason), 62-64, 69, 96, 170, 256, 258, 260
rationale, cf.
evidence, commitment, explanation, understanding, proof
rationalism,
40-41, 70, 96
rationality; and
reality, 176-177; cf. inquiry passim, reason, truth, Weltanschauung,
perspective, aspect, privacy, public, pluralism, personal knowledge
raw data, 99,
137; cf. basic data
reaction, 43-46,
118, 159, 164, 168; cf. stimulus, action, response, interaction
reaction-response,159,
168; cf. action-activity
reaction-time,
of observers, 197; cf. Bessel
reactionary, 17,
173, 204; cf. conservative
readings, 191,
193; cf. measurement
real, realism,
and ideal-idealism, 19, 35, 178, 199; common sense, 19
reality, 13, 41,
68-69, 72, 76, 78, 90, (96), 97-98, 122-123, 128, 139,
146, 148, 151, 157-158-160,
175, 178, 183-184, 186, 189-190-191, 196, 199,
204; social, 183; as agreement, 191; as corresponce,
160; representation of, 176; of knowledge, 204; of inputs, 123;
three images-visions, 213; of whole systems, 68-69, 76; living reality,
intervention and participation in, 171-172, 183; database as image of, 160; as
ontological commitment, 191; as realistic problem solving, 143; of the mind,
151; vs. illusion, 204; cf. truth, ontology, objectivity, Weltanschauung, virtuality, virtual reality, empiricism
reason,
unconstrained, 170, 172; good reason or motive, 181; cf. thinking
reception of
information, 100, 106-107, 128; cf. input, data collection
receptivity, 145
recognition,
101-102, 107, 125, 138, 145; cf. reflection, cognition
recurrence-recursivity (cf. infinite regress, vicious circle,
self-reference), 178, 188
recursive, 25,
169, 199; as infinite regress, 168, 178, 188; as endless process, 199; in
experiments, 132, 135; recursive property of intuition, 25; cf. regression,
vicious circle
redefining of
terms (cf. translation), 105
reductio ad
absurdum, 136
reductionism,
75, 161
redundancy, 161
reengineering,
workflow, 14, 52, 124, 141, 165-167,
174; as revision of apriori, 194-195; as management
fad, 92-93; cf. coconstruction, evolution; redesign,
247; as system reconstruction, 67; cf. downsizing, change, incrementalism, cost
reduction, action, activity, revision, management information systems MIS
refinement, 87,
190, 191, 192; cf. partitioning, detail, precision,
accuracy, reliability, rough picture, grov bild, approximation, classification
reflection, 17,
22, 28, 30, 100, 107, (112), 148, 155, 238; a priori, 129; in Lockean IS, 100,
107; self-reflection, 158; reflective intuition, 107; in action, 155; cf.
self-examination, self-reflection, meaning, trial and error
reflective
practitioner, 155; cf. self-reflection, management, action, separability; cf. Schn, D.
refutation, 149;
cf. confirmation, doubt
region, cf.
subsystem parts or components in chap. 3
regularity, 110;
cf. replication, forecast, causality
relation, 50
relational
logic, 34; cf. entity relationship
relativism,
(95),
136, (144)-145, (196), 203-204; against relativism, 174, 276; cf.
postmodernism, perspectives, aspects, virtuality,
anti-thinking
relativity,
special theory of, 136
relevance, 32,
84-85, 88, 98, 125-126, 138, 142, 165, 167, 171-172, 175;
of information, 171; of input, 142; cf. attention, accuracy
reliability of
data or information, 84, 97, 109, 113, 156, 160, 162; cf. accuracy, precision,
quality, credibility
religion, 34,
(40), vs. 70, 96, 98, 155, 163, 171, 172, 174, 176-177,
205, 237-238, 244, 249, 251; and theodicy, 36; and inquiring system,
264; and psychology, 265; and authority, 196; imagery of, 243; of inquiring
systems, 237-246; and science, 219, 229, 237, 239; cf.
God, Church, ethics, theology, hope, faith, trust, guarantor
repertoire, of
patterns, 140, 169; of responses, 197; of experience, 170; as catalogue of
opportunities, 197-198; cf. system, resources, database, classification, types,
archetypes, metaphors
repetition, cf.
replication
replication,
154, 132, 190-192, 198-199, 235, 255; of observations, 85; cf. precision,
experiment, method, regularity, forecast, (duplication)
reporting, of
observations, 157; cf. data collection
repository, of
information; cf. data base, memory
representation,
116, 125-127, 139, 158-160, chap. 6, passim; mode of,
156-157; cf. mental model, reality, perspective
requirements,
demand, 167
research &
development - R&D, 263; dialectics of, 180-184, process, 83, 60-61, 64,
180-181
research, 60-62,
90-91, 190-202; system politics of, 58-59, 122, 180, basic, 244; as an
exploitative term, 221; and God, 244; interdisciplinary, 198; management of,
74; pure, 120; as a system, 60, 90; automation of, 115-116; and development
R&D, 180; design of, 91; method of, 91-92, 116; policy or design, 91; cf.
science, learning, scientific method, politics policy
researcher,
young, 121; cf. research, science, designer, planner
resources, 43,
47-48; resource allocation, 67, 156; resources preferences; cf. cost, input,
effectiveness
response-reaction,
157, 159, 164, 168; cf. activity, action, reaction, interactivity, stimulus
response
repertoire, 156-157, 170; cf. chap. (2) on fact nets, chap. (3)
functional and teleological classes, action, stimulus, teleology
responsibility,
63; cf. autonomy, power
responsiveness,
cf. action-response, Hegelian IS, commitment, vs. alienation
restlessness,
199-200; cf. contentment, hero, don Juan syndrome, contentment, postmodernism,
relativism
retrieval, 121;
cf. navigation, data base
reverse
engineering, (171)
revision, 194,
199; as adjustment, 196; cf. change
revolution, 173,
182, 204; cf. change, reactionary
rhetoric,
(182-184); cf. aesthetics, drama, narrative, conversation, agreement,
conviction
rich; data, 142;
description, of data 120, 138, 140; representation of data, 126, 138,
141; design, 143, communication, 122; analogy, 143; of information, 138
rich analogy, 143;
cf. metaphor
richness, of
information as comprehensiveness of picture, 138; of
representation, 141
rich solution,
72, 98, 146; synthesis, 182; representation, 141; information, 98; experience,
170; cf. parsimony, minimal vs maximal apriori
right feeling,
(155); cf. feeling, conviction, aesthetics, romanticism
risk, 124; and
uncertainty, 153; cf. probability, doubt, uncertainty
Rittel, H.,
180n
rock on the road
example, 114-115
role; cf. actor,
designer, planner, decision-maker, client, human dimension, social
Romanticism,
151, (153), 155, 158, (159), 170-171; 173, 177-178; as anti teleology of the designer, 249; as neo-romanticism,
(203); source of in Kant, 170; as primacy of the subjective, 151, as action
life vs. grey theory, 204; cf. aesthetics, intuition, feeling, anti teleology, ateleology,
feeling, subjectivism
Rousseau, J-J.,
cf. general will
rules, 22-23,
125-126; of games, 138, 204; rules generating system, 187; no rules, 204;
application of partitioning rule, 193; cf. norms, values
rumour
spread, 92
sacrifice, 250
SAF; cf.
Ivanov, project SAF
sailing example,
and smaller mind, 11
Saint Thomas, of
Aquinas, 18
sale, 133,
184-185; sales statistics forecast, 133; demand, 166; cf. market
same-another,
101, 151; cf. individuation, identification, likeness
sample estimate,
124
sampling, 85,
88, 111, 124; stratified, (197); statistical vs. complete count, 85; and
completeness of empirical inquiry, 120, 124; cf. statistics
SAP, as
management fad, 93-93; cf. management information systems MIS
satisfactoriness,
satisficing, 24, 51, 64-65, 80-82, 90, 111, 121, 124, 140, 146, 161,
167, 176, 189, 191, 199, 202, 211, 253; as degree
of confirmation, 80; as complacency, 199; cf. accuracy, optimization,
solution, measure of performance, simplicity, tolerance, understanding,
politics, negotiation, improvisation, optimization
savings, and
costs, 124,
sawmill example,
166- 167, 187, 189; as simplicity of
measurement, 196; cf. generalization, parsimony
scalar quantity,
86
scenarios, cf.
vision, image, simulation, narrative, hypothesis, thesis
schema, 80
Schn, D.,
(155); cf. reflection, self-reflection, action, pragmatism, Dewey, design,
trial and error, ateleology, anti
teleology
science, 10, 39,
60, 74-75, 80, 91, 105, 149, 154, 158-159, 192, 195,
197-198, 203, 219, 224 (intern.), 225, 273; political and social aspects
of, 122; politics of, and philosophy or sociology, 58-59, 193-194;
hierarchy or progression of sciences, 197-198; biological social
humanistic behavioral, 210; and religion, 219; as story
telling or narrative, 178; language of, 102; scientific method, 154;
esoteric vs. exoteric, 60; formal, 129; cf. method, replication, research
scientific comunication, 61; research method
scientific
management, 74
scientific
method, 13, 72, 85, 112, 116, 154, 195, 268; as design system and
politics, 58-61; cf. method, objectivity, explanation,
validation, research, ethnographic method, qualitative method
scientism, 60
scratches on
photographical plate (example), 137
Searle, cf.
action language
search,
"engines", 101
security, 73,
161, 173, 204; as watchdog, 150; of data, 161; cf. guarantor,
secrecy, control, watchdog
self, 151;
and fact as alienation of, 161; cf. interpretive, dialectic
self-analysis,
129, 249, 265
self-consciousness;
(129), 151, 158, 186, 194, 213, 236, 241, 243, 249; in agreement, 194;
cf. consciousness, autopoiesis
self.-contradiction,
31; cf. contradiction
self-control,
196
self-deception,
cf. illusion
self-examination,
107; of an apriori, 129; cf. (self)-reflection
self-knowledge,
204
self-reflection,
(129), 158, (168), 175; self-reflective paradox, 148; cf. reflection,
self-consciousness, self-examination, self-analysis
semantics, 9,
10, 21, 30-31, 33, 102, 123, 144-145, 159-161; cf. meaning,
object, language, communication, connotation or intension, denotation or
extension, semiotics, pragmatics and syntax
semiotics, 159-160;
logical syntax vs object semantics vs. use pragmatics, as syntax cf. chap. 2,
semantics cf. chap. 5, pragmatics cf. chap. 7; cf. semantics, object, meaning,
individuation, pragmatism, symbol, observer
sensation, 97, 99-100,
102-103, 105, 119, 128, 131-132, 138-139, 151, 153-155, 158, 194, 261-263,
265; subjective, 152; vs. perception, 125; intensity of, 152; as surrogate of
feeling (cf. hypermedia), 264-265; cf. perception, feeling, postmodernism, anti teleology, ateleology
sense; cf.
sensation, meaning, understanding, argumentation, conviction, semantics,
design, dialectics (chap. 7); sense data, immediacy of, 155
sensuous
intuition, 106, 131, 144-145, 158, 170; vs. cognition, 145; sensuous inputs,
170; cf. perception, sensation, observation, data
separability,
111, 114, 120, 122, 133, 145-146, 164-165, 167, 177, 224,
270-271; of observational subsystems, 110, 122-123; of apriori
problems, 130; of designer, 146; cf. components, system,
subsystems, hierarchy
service
management, 185
set theory,
Boolean algebra, 192
sex, 266; cf.
love, feelings, biology
shame, 264
Shannon, C.,
(161)
shift-and-drift
or function-creep, 5, 14, 45-46, 51-52, 63, 65,
83, 93, 153, 203, 205; as a function of the designer, 150;
cf. function creep, evolution, trial and error, change, adaptive systems,
flexibility, implementation, sweeping-in, ateleology,
situated action, improvisation, bricolage
significance, of
data, 84; level, 112; of variation, 193; cf. meaning, relevance
silent
knowledge, cf. personal knowledge, tacit knowledge
Simmons, R.F., 26, (71), 281
Simon, H.A., (46), 65, 80,
83, 95-96, 139-140, 153, (176), 253
simplicity,
19-20, 21, 24-25, 29, 37, 72, 96, 99ff, 103-105, 108, 113,
133, 136, 137-140, 141; and clarity, 24; and the a priori,
137; design of, 99; in design, 78; of formal theory, 96; and generalization,
127; of inputs, 97; in measurement, 188; of observation, 96; simple systems,
78; as parsimony vs. economy or effectiveness, 138, 141; economic value of,
138-139; cf. clarity-clearness, parsimony, complexity
simulation, 142;
cf, virtual reality, reality, measurement, virtual
Singer, Jr.,
E.A., viii, 44, 46, 83, 85-86,
105, 119, (144), 146, 175, 178, 186, 199, 230, 281;
vs. Leibniz, 197-198
SIS/RAS, 83, 89,
92, 93, 120-121
situated action,
5; as situational knowledge, 11; implying a metric to weigh the end-products of
outomes, 46; why, 153;
in context, see systems; cf. action, function (functional and teleological
classes), Weltanschauung, implementation, shift-and-drift, improvisation,
bricolage
skarp milj, 192; cf. test, reality, hypothesis, thesis,
simulation, picture, prototype, coarse picture
skepticism,
131-132, 134, 152-153; cf. doubt, improvisation, postmodernism, relativism,
Hume
sketching, 20
so-what, 164,
166, 172-173; cf. why-not
social, 5, 8,
14, 97, 101, 104-105, 107, 118, 187, 193; and economics, 124; problems,
181; social science, 151, 181, social measurement, 189-190
social actor,
cf. (teleological) entity, (sub) system, action, teleology
social
organization, 97; cf. system
social science,
68; and art, management and physica, 93
socialism, and
fascism, 68
sociology, 120,
197; logic as, 198; of science, 193
Socratic
(pre-),
41 (Anaxagoras)
software, cf.
program; software packages, 116, 118
solipsism, 105,
150-151, 153; cf. Berkeley
solution, 81,
139-143; 146-148, 150-151, 185, 195,
230-236; and computer, 197; problematic, 143; impossible in real
systems, 143; cf. method, satisfactoriness, problem, stooge, learning
soul, (204); cf.
mind
source, of data,
153
space mission,
NASA, 91; space probes 116
space-time, see
time-space
specialization,
123, 124-125, 176; cf. expert
spectacles,
example, 142
spectrometer,
81ff, 116
speculation, 18;
cf. reflection
speech acts; cf.
action language, ought, is-ought, illocutory forces, perlocutory, imperative, (Austin), (Searle), Habermas
Spinoza, 25, 69,
71-72, 77
spirituality,
(204); cf. religion, God, values, ethics, culture, emotions, intuition,
intelligence, mood, conviction, individual, mind, knowledge, creativity; vs.
reality, anti thinking
stability, 191,
196; cf. change
standard
deviation, 200n
standards, 6,
11, 40, 112, 110, 186-189, 195-196, 198; as convention, 114; adjustment,
196; as apriori or mode of receiving
information, 137; cf. measurement, calibration
standpoint, cf.
aspect, viewpoint, attitude, perspective
state
government, and politics, 204; cf. politics
states, of nature , cf. morphological classes, 159, 166; of mind,
99-103, 118-119, 151, 153
statistics, 6,
(32), 37, (61), 65, (74), (80), 84-86, 90-93, 105, 109, 110-113-116,
120, 124, 132-133, 134, 153, 161, 183, 188, 192-193,
197, 211-212, 235, 238; likelihood ration, 90; and variances in
standard costs, 66; misuse of, 112; outliers in, 111-112; measures of
confidence, 111; regression or least mean squares analysis, 112; sample
estimate, 120, 124; statistical experiment, 183-184, 192-194;
statistical variance, 193; computerized, 112; statistical inference, 92;
statistical method, 132; statistical correlation vs. causality, 131;
standard deviation, 200n; cf. language of doubt, hypothesis testing,
probability, uncertainty, sampling
stewardship, cf.
adaptative, evolution, learning, revision,
reengineering, change
stimulus,
-response, 97, 102, 151, 154, 156-157, 159, 163-164, 168; cf.
reaction, input-output, black box
stochastic, cf.
random
stock, cf.
inventory
stock market,
212
stooge, example
and experience of implementation in education, 230-236
story
telling,
178, 180, 270-271; cf. narrative
strategy, 87,
139-140, 171, 192-196, 202; vs. tactics of science, 195-196;
strategy, 183-185; strategic I.S., 170-171; strategy
vs. authority, 196; and agreement, 105; cf. ideals, tactics
stratified
sampling, (197)
structure, 45;
of information or data, 137; tree structure, 144; cf. morphology, mechanism,
determinism
styles, 170,
266; repertoire of, 177; as form of individual expression, 267-268; styles of
inquiry, chaps. 2 to10; cf. repertoire, paradigm, aesthetics, culture
subject, 106;
-object, 158; cf. inquirer, entity, object
subjective
probability, 114
subjectivism and
subjectivity, (58), 63, 107, 114-115, 119-120, 151-159,
177, (196), 203-204; intersubjectivity, 149; subjective sensation, 152;
in design, 63; collective, 58; subjective belief as judgment, 114; of
tastes, 266; cf. objectivity, perspectives, relativism, postmodernism,
romanticism, solipsism
substance, 69,
77, 106
subsystems,
components, 7-8, 43, 49-60, 67, 77-78, 167; cf. part, component, unit,
separability
success, 47, 85,
and failure, 139; cf. evaluation, measure of performance, cost-benefit, ethics,
failure
summaries, of
inquiring systems, 20-21, 37, 70, 95 chaps. (5)-(10), 111, 118-119, 144,
176-177, 194, 197, 243; Leibnizian and Lockean compared, 111, 116;
Lockean and Kantian apriori compared, 134; Kant,
Leibniz and Locke, 144; this book
supersonic
transport SST, 229
support, 4, 6,
13-16; computer support, 115, 116; cf. tool, (co)-producer, change, cooperation
supreme
objective mind, 174, 176-177; cf. God
survival-reproduction,
210
sustainability,
cf. guarantor
swans, example,
108-109, 111, (123-124)
sweeping -in,
131, 146, 170, 175, 197, 199, 215-216, 253-254, 256-257; as apperception,
75-76; cf. chap. 9 passim, perspective, aspect, conversation, agreement,
conflict, apperception
symbol, 20-21,
30, 171; sequence of, 143; cf. icon, image, sign
symbolic
interactionism, (106); cf. Mead G.H.
symmetry, 139
synaesthesia,
100-102, 106, 118-119; cf. chap. (5), virtuality
synthesis, 32,
175, 177; cf. system, agreement,
system, 7, 39-41,
42ff passim; 43, 167-168, 174-175,
195, 198, 200, 202; definition, 7; as data, 168; size of, 56, 58;
systems development, 120; as integration of knowledge, 94; as comprehensive
picture from givens, 145; whole system, 71; vs. drama, 178; larger system and
components or subsystems of, 167; Singerian conception of, 195, 198;
system idea, 41; systems theory, chap. (3) passim; cf. general systems
theory, subsystem, component, part, environment, whole, context, narrative,
drama, interdisciplinarity, design, synthesis
system insight,
cf. learning, improvement, understanding, reason vs. intellect, intuition
systems
philosopher; 68; cf. metadesigner
table or desk,
example in measurement, 187
tabula rasa,
Lockean "blank tablet",
99-100
tacit knowledge,
18, 21, 25-28, 28, 36, 81, 82-84, 87, 92, 138, 145, 150-153, 175,
177, 178; in agreement, 194; and knowledge engineering, 83, 87,
88-89-90, 92, 101-102, 107, 116, 118, 137-138-139, 145,
150-153 (Julian Hilton), 154-155, 158; expert, 162; as love-conviction,
171; personal vs. communicative, 173; vs. learning, 149; explicit alternative
design; drama-theater, 256-257; and unique element in decision, 256;
everybody's 268-269; as direct vs. inferential observation, 153; cf. personal
knowledge, public or community knowledge, expert, heuristics, personal
knowledge, silent knowledge, intuition, unconscious
tactics, vs.
strategy, 192, 195-196
taste, 24, 266;
subjectivity of, 266; cf. style, aesthetics
tautology, 4,
23, 29, 31, 33, 37, 116, 108, 160-161
taxation, and
obsolescence or deterioration, 166
taxonomy, 108,
159, 186-187, 192; as distinctions, 270; as dichotomic
classification, 159; cf. classification, coding, definition
technique: cf.
method, technology
technology, 7,
15, 23, (41), 44-46, 200; and effectiveness,
202-203; information technology: as computer; as machines, 23; use of,
46; applied, 58; innovation and exploration of, 193, 199;
exploration or exploitation as observed by designers, 150; drifting in its use:
cf. shift-and-drift; as conscious attempt to change: cf. design, p. vii et al;
as resource and transformation function: cf. innovation,
action-activity-production, efficiency, productivity, function vs. morphology,
economy; as power-potential: power, knowledge, progress, production; as
change of implication fact-nets, cf. chaps. (2) and (7) passim
teleology, 39, 45,
69, 159, (160), 163, 168, 210-211, 213, 215, 246; as
cost-benefit, 163; of information, 165; cf. purpose, end, function, will, vs. ateleology, anti teleology,
anti-thinking, relativism, pluralism
terrorism, and
war, 162-163, 270; ; terrorist
mind, 173-174
test, 109,
136, 149; crucial, 136; hypothesis testing, 192, 196-197; of
instrument, 83; of expertise, 163; neurological or psychological, 156; related
to hypothesis, see hypothesis; cf. control, validity or validation, sharp test
(Swedish: skarpa miljer)
textualization-context,
cf. system
Thais,
Theoretical Analysis of Information Systems, cf. Langefors
theater, 178;
inquiry as, 203; ref. Julian Hilton; cf. drama, epic, myth, narrative, play
theology, 24,
33, 36, 40, 68!, 70, 74, 76, cf. God, religion,
ethics, morals
theorems, and
axioms, 136, 142; cf. axiom, generalization
theory, 39, 87,
132-133; and input, 137; vs data, 32-33, vs. observation, 87; theoretical base
for certification, 188; cf. model, conceptual frame
Theseus, 204;
cf. hero
thesis, 171-177;
cf. hypothesis, dialectics
thinking, 127,
131, 134, 259-260; cf. inquiry, design, reason
this book, vii,
4, 9, 16-18, 20, 23, 27, (37), 41, 42, 43, 63, 79, 111, 176-177, 180, (203), (205), 230,
258-259, 274-276
ticktacktoe,
example, 125; game of, 142
time, 15,
160-161, 176, 197; time savings, 81, 91; cf.
clock, past, space-time, history, future
time-space, 37,
40, 106-107, 110, 131, 149, 194; cf. geographical information
system GIS
tolerance, 193,
191, 201; as agreement within a range, 113; cf. satisfactoriness
tool,
83,
86; cf. means, instrument
Toulmin, S.; cf warrant
toothache
example, 151-152
topology, 94
total quality
management - TQM, 165; cf. quality
totalitarianism,
4
TQM, cf. total
quality management, quality
trade-off, 47;
cf. values
tradition, 39,
87-88, vs. collective mind, 162-164; cf. fact net or chap. 2 passim, Weltanschauung,
history, past, future generations, ethics, religion
tragedy,
177-178, 203-205; tragedy-comedy, 177-178; cf. drama, epic
transaction,
133; cf. event, sale
transcendental,
logic, 145
transdisciplinarity, 74-75,
195, 197-198; cf. interdisciplinarity, multi-modality
transitivity-symmetry,
134, 186
translation,
105, 119, 125, 136; of inputs, 143; as formal redefinition of terms, 136; cf.
interpretation, hermeneutics
transparency;
cf. understanding, satisfactoriness
tree structure,
100, 104, 144; cf. net
trial and error,
51, 83ff, 139; and improvisation, 139; cf. learning, (Leibnizian) net ranking,
experiment, test, design, evaluation, change, shift-and-drift
trilogy (cf.
optimism), production-science-cooperation, 202-203; plenty-cooperation-heroic
mood, 254; client-decision maker-designer are the same, 201, 204
triviality, of
problem, 139-140; cf. simplicity
trust, 153,
163-164; as confidence, 111; vs. suspicion of dialectic within a dialectic,
183; cf. guarantor, warrant, God, love, friendship, ethics, hope, faith,
belief, doubt, religion
truth, 21, 25,
32, 37, 91, 96, 103-104, 118, 174, 257; as accuracy, 63; correspondence theory
of, 160-161 and chap (5) passim; coherence theory of, see chap. (2) passim;
intuitive, 25; true estimate, 51; privileged, 39-40; and cost, 91; Internetlike truth, 91; as end point of process, 37; cf.
reality, objectivity, fact, depictive, accuracy
Turing's test,
(150)
ubiquitous
computing; cf. mobile Internet, communication
uncertainty,
105, 109, 114, 153, 196, 201, 212; of doubt, 105; blocked out of discourse,
202; cf. risk, probability, doubt, statistics, conversation killing
unconscious, 28,
120, 123, 203, 244, 264-265, 272; collective, 203; and creativity, 265;
input as part of the, 265; cf. feeling, emotion, anti teleology, ateleology,
postmodernism, intuition, Jung, myth
understanding,
4, 49, 72, 75, 104, 198, 203; and compassion 11; cf.
explanation, meaning, reason, agreement, learning, satisfactoriness,
interpretation and interpretive approach
unexplainable
events, 136
uniqueness, 32,
190-191, 193, 204-205, 245, 255-257; in planning, 255; as
differentiation, 265-268; of individual, 204; cf. individuation,
generalization, otherness, method
unity, of
client-designer-decision maker, 201, 204; cf. system, separability, entity,
individuation, identification
unit, of
measurement, 186-189; cf. measurement, standard, entity
universal
proposition, 83
university, 57,
59, 122
usability, 101,
117-118, 121; cf. human-computer interaction HCI/CHI,
purpose, measurement of performance, evaluation, satisfactoriness, quality,
aesthetics, function-(functionality)
use or user
behavior, 101, 117-118, 156; vs. designer, 118; user models, 125, 156
usefulness, 120;
cf. utility, pragmatism, measure of performance
user
friendliness, 121
user model, 10,
118, 121, 125, 146, 157; -language, 125; as observer-subject, 156-157; cf.
model
utility, 120,
151-152, 163-164, 189, 200, 263; as measure of value, 152-153; vs. aesthetics,
189; cf. preferences
vagueness, 186,
245; cf. doubt, clear, clarity, distinct
validity and
validation, 22, 29, 83, 85, 80, 88, 96, 103, 108, 115, 128, 130, 149,
162, 189-190, 192, 225, 242; as confirmation, 80; as verification, 185; as
evaluation, 136; of apriori axioms, 130; of
sensation, 103; of apriori, 128, 130; as relevance,
credence or evidence, 171-173; and politics or use, 225; theoretical base for,
188; cf. verification, test, accuracy, truth, reliability, confirmation,
precision, experience, proof, value-worth, evidence
value; 71, 73,
102, 152, 163, 137-138, 189-190, 200, 249; vs. good value, 95; measure
or comparison of, 152; value preference, 152; value judgments, 102; of
knowledge, 203; of income, 190; economic, 137-138; value judgement or valuation,
163, 169, 192; as good in activity itself, 249; value and information, 121-122,
163-164; enabling power as, 200; ultimate, 163; and fact, 164; measurement of,
152; šs personal value, 200-201; as quality, 190; as
utility, 263-264; as trade-off, 47; added, 166; as power vs. ethic
Peirce-Schiller in HCS, 95, 200; Aristotelian pluralism vs. Platonic monism
(ref. Martha Nussbaum), 73; of measurement system, 190; cf. ethics, good,
utility, quality, measure of performance, ideal, goal, ateleology,
worth
variation,
analysis or statistical, 65-66, 191, 193; significant, 193; cf. change,
partitioning, disagreement
verification,
13, 185, 187; cf. validity, evidence, confirmation
veto power, 112;
cf. counter-instance, politics of science, perfect observer
vicious circle,
169; vs. infinite regress, 168-169; cf. self-reference, regression
view, point of,
107, 149, 171, 177; sharing views, cf. agreement, consensus; cf. aspect,
perspective, attitude
violence, as in
terrorism, 173-174; cf. power, strength, Arendt, H.
virtual
organizations, cf. virtual reality, Internet commerce, organization, system
virtual reality,
64, (72), 96, 122-123, 128,
137-139, 159, (183); as ideal, 178; and aesthetic intuition, 144; as legitimate
distortion of inputs, 156; reality of, 150; relation to
reality, 189; in measurement system, 187, 189; as adjustment of readings or
observations, 195-196; as abstract mode of representation, 137;
as realistic world and representations, 138-139; as reality vs. illusion, 204;
and modes of sensation (see synaesthesia), 100, 102;
cf. virtuality, reality, ontological assumptions,
mind, truth, simulation, representation (chap. 6), entity, measurement, visual,
implementation, constructivism, imagination, aesthetics (apparence,
perspective, sensation, imagination), abstract, illusion
virtuality, 19,
64, (72), 76, 122-123, (190), 195; vs. reality, 13; and
distinction between reality and non-reality, 97; cf. reality, virtual reality
and real, artificial, truth, error, system, perspective, synaesthesia
vision, 170-171-172,
174; as thesis, 172; as policy, 180-185; visual recognition, 142;
as conviction, 178; color perception, 157; and design, 173; cf.
idea, strategy, conviction, Weltanschauung, thesis, ideal, intuition, figure of
thought, sensuous intuition, form, creativity, aspect, perspective, view,
image, picture, pattern, observation, attitude, elusiveness, ateleology, tacit knowledge, inspiration
visualization,
125, 138-139; image recognition, 123-124; cf. representation, perspective,
sensation, solution, virtual reality, human-computer interaction HCI
vitalism: cf.
living systems
VR, cf. virtual
reality
wandering (circumambulatio), 205
war, or
terrorism, 162-163
warehousing, cf.
inventory
warrant, 98,
163; warranted database, 195; for authority, 163; cf. guarantor, watchdog,
accuracy, reliability, ethics, theology
watchdog, 135,
150, cf. guarantor, control
we-them
dialectics, 146
weak philosophy,
vs. strong implications, 152-153
weapon, 73, 93;
cf. kill maximizer
Weick, Karl, see
double interact 118-120, stimulus response, repertoire of
responses, vicious circle, interaction, consensus
Weltanschauung,
32, 169-179, 181-185, 194, 238, 250; and information, 169-179;
counter-Weltanschauung, 224, 249; and conviction, 98; dual, 198; and Singer's
natural image, 194; cf. culture, tradition, view, perspective, aspects,
meaning, vision, image, world, ontology
wff (well formed formula), 31
what-how, 84,
(128), 195, 223
whole, 193;
system, 68, 71; whole system as God, 69; wholeness as system, 145;
scope of inquiry, 195; cf. system, context
Whorf, B.
(language), 144-145
why, 4, 5, 115, 163,
172, 194; as power in design, 6; and because, 79ff;
vs. what, 115; cf. explanation, meaning, because, causality, teleology,
how, what
why-not, 164,
172, 199; cf. so-what, explanation, because
will, 169,
170-172; general, 162; as supreme objective mind, 174, 176-177; cf. ethics,
evaluation, value
wisdom, 236-273;
cf. knowledge
Wittgenstein,
L., (151), (160-161); language games, (105): cf. (Leibnizian) nets
work,
division of, 63, 74, 91-92; as human capability, 118-119;
work practice, 166; cf. action-activity, production, creativity,
organization, participation, cooperation
work flow, 166;
see activity, producer-product, reengineering, effectiveness, efficiency,
productivity
world; states
of, 160; phenomenal, 138-139; as Weltanschauung or image of, 76, 169-170, 196;
basic or realistic, 138; imagery for description, 209ff; in itself, 242;
of the inquirer, 160; cf. Weltanschauung, reality, perspective, ontology,
imagery, natural imagery
World-Wide-Web
WWW, 15, 26, 117-118, 120, 176-177; as network of information, 9; as
separability of storage and retrieval, 61-62; as library search, 117; cf.
Internet, multimedia, hypermedia; anti teleology, ateleology,
network, postmodernism, Leibnizian IS or fact nets, Lockean IS or trees,
Hegelian IS or debate; database, data collection, libraries, separability
worth, cf. value