UMEA
UNIVERSITY
Department
of Informatics
Prof.
em. Kristo
Ivanov
<http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov>
Kristo Ivanov
Version 231116-1720
Customized
complementary word & issue index for
C. West Churchman,
"The Design of Inquiring
Systems:
Basic Concepts of Systems and
Organization"
(New York: Basic Books,
1971)
http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.pdf
http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.html
https://ia600105.us.archive.org/31/items/chuindex/chuindex.html
This word & issue index (in html-format, with an earlier
version in pdf-format) is customized to the purpose of fostering wider
and deeper applications of a systems approach as related to scientific method
and represented by West Churchman's book The Design of Inquiring Systems (1972). It has been out of print and can only be found in
libraries, but an indication of its depth is obtained from its later review in
1985 & 2015 "The way of Inquiring Systems" (J. of the Operational Research Society, No. 9) and an early
draft of the early work behind it, available on the net as a pdf-copy of the
report On Inquiring Systems (also here, report SP-877, 13 July 1962),
published by the System
Development Corporation, Santa Monica, California.
The book appears to have been motivated by the first
hype in the sixties about Artificial Intelligence (AI) with its apparently
unrelated subfields except in terms of "logic", and with implications
surveyed in my essay on Computers as embodied mathematics and
logic. The index is intended to be used in conjunction with the
word index published in the book. Issue-indexing implies that even if the
particular word does not appear on the referenced page, either a synonym, an
associated, or analogue issue, does it.
Parenthesized page numbers, italics, and bold face types in the
text below indicate an increasing degree of relevance and importance. Words
referenced after the abbreviation "cf.", and whose radicals are not
found in the index as is the case for words put within parentheses, point to
entries in the book's own index or in Webster's Third New International
Dictionary (unabridged) or in specialized dictionaries of the fields of
information science and philosophy of science.
The purpose of presenting this index to a wider audience is to
allow for a starting point for deeper and wider inquiries in a research
tradition that allows for broad systemic relations between disciplinary areas
and key notions as they appear in the index. The claim is that this book
contributes to the establishment of a time-stable theoretical conceptual
ground, or a "language" which – close to the tradition of
philosophical pragmatism – facilitates communication among researchers who work
in different schools of thought and areas of application. In particular this
initiative aims at facilitating – in one same research organization – that
every researcher be able to contribute to the work of colleagues by means of
the easier initial understanding afforded by an
tentative initial set of shared concepts which may be argumentatively modified
or rejected in the further course of a particular inquiry.
Permission
to make digital/hard copy of this work for personal or education use is granted
provided that it is not done for profit or commercial advantage, and notice is
given of the source.
On October 5, 2023 I e-mailed the
following text to the Hachette
Book Group, of which Basic
Books is now an imprint , but I have not
received a response from any of the seven addressees. I intend to return to the
issue if and when I get one:
From: Kristo Ivanov
<kristo.ivanov@gmail.com>
Subject: Permission to digitalize and put
on the Internet THE DESIGN OF INQUIRING SYSTEMS (1972)
Date: 5 October 2023 at 21:19:49 CEST
To: lara.heimert@hbgusa.com
Cc: brian.distelberg@hbgusa.com,
thomas.kelleher@hbgusa.com, janice.audet@hbgusa.com, brandon.proia@hbgusa.com,
emily.taber@hbgusa.com, michael.kaler@hbgusa.com
Please,
directors or editors of the Hachette Group that took over [imprint] Basic
Books: as I retrieved your names from
https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/imprint/basic-books/page/about-us/?lens=basic-books
but do not know who among you is most concerned and responsible for the
following:
I am an information and systems scientist who in my whole career, in my
research, education and publications have been referring to the West
Churchman's book THE DESIGN OF INQUIRING SYSTEMS (Basic Books, 1971-1972).
I am profoundly disappointed that this book has been out of print since many
years, and there are no plans to reprint it. This means that important
scientific knowledge is withdrawn if not hidden from the international
scientific community. For instance nowadays its message would be very important
in the context of the hype about "Artificial Intelligence", as I try
to show in my latest essay on the subject: https://archive.org/details/chat-gpt-agi .
It is not a question of only granting such use if it is a selection of the text
and if the content was accessible through a password-protected server to a
finite number of users. The book is only meaningful as a whole, and emotionally
I perceive it as sort of "ethical crime" to hide knowledge that today
is important for the whole international society, while at the same time
refusing to commercialize it by means of a reprint.
Because of this, I need a formal permission from the Hachette Group for me to
digitalize the book, e.g. in the form of a pdf-copy, and make it available for
consultation on the Internet. In March 2021 I had a personal e-mail contact
with the only son of West Churchman, Josh Churchman […] who wrote me as
follows:
"I think my dad would like everyone who wanted to read his books to be
able to do so. I got a small royalty check from a New York publisher, after
much back and forth.
I am glad to help release whatever they might need to give you access..."
My best regards,
Kristo Ivanov, Prof. em.
<http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov>
<https://archive.org/details/kivanov-collection>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristo_Ivanov>
Customized
complementary word & issue index
absolute mind, 178; cf. progress, mind
absurdum, demonstration at, 112, 136,
cf. axioms
academic freedom, 58
acceptability, vs. knowledge, 233; cf.
satisfactoriness, values
accounting, of costs, 166-168;
accounting system, 162; cf. budgeting
accuracy, 26, 31, 59, 61, 62,
65, 95-96, 83, 95, 98, 107, 108, 113, 115, 132, 135, 141,
146, 146, 150, 154-156, 160, 162, 168, 170,
174-175, 188-191, 193, 195-196, 190, 202, 253, 257; of
observation, 154-155; and convergence, 95; as measure of confidence, 111; as
minimization of bias, 141; and cost, 62; vs. drama; cf. truth, measurement,
precision, reliability, correctness, validity, refinement, quality, validation,
proof, confirmation, approximation, Ivanov (project AVH)
Ackoff, R.L., 51, 73?,
155
actability, as knowledge or potential
for action, 11; cf. action, activity, actor, implementation, function, drama,
politics, ateleology, implementation, speech act
action science, 13-16, (184-185),
(199-200), 202-205; cf. implementation
action, and activity, 5-7, 10, 14,
44-46, 104, 114-115, 118, 124-125, 156, 159, 164,
166, 169, 202, 271; social ethical, 202; and
design, 276; implementation and knowledge, 114; research, 184;
and language, 115, 201-202; and fact or information, 164; as living reality and
drama, 171, 173, 175; as life vs. knowledge as grey theory, 204; as
realism vs. idealism, 199; activities and workflow value-added,
166; description of, 156; and change, 271; plan of, 164, 167; as anti
teleological good in itself, 249, 254; picture of alternative actions or
Weltanschauung, 169; language theory, 102; as process, 204; and action meaning,
158, 163, cf. Abraham Kaplans "action meaning"; cf. implementation,
reaction, function-structure-teleology, is-ought, ethics,
stimulus-response, interactivity, pragmatism, transaction, process, log and
rock on the road, producer-product, romanticism
action language, 102, 115; cf. is-ought,
imperative, indicative, illocutory, perlocutory, Austin, (Searle)
action research; cf. action science,
implementation
active observer, 159
activity, 7, 166, 249; as good in itself
or purposeful activity, 249; description of 43-46; 166; cf. action,
actor, ateleology
actor, system's, 44-49, 71, 200-201,
204; actor network, 73, 171-174, 182, 185; functional, 44;
social: cf. action; cf. system (and subsystem-component, teleological), client,
decision maker, manager, designer, metadesigner, convergence of actor roles; as
actor on scene: cf. theater, narrative
actor network, 18, 73, 171-174,
182, (193-194); cf. chap. (7) passim, innovation
actor network theory ANT, cf. actor
network
adaptive systems, 63, 65;
as incrementalism, 65-66; and objectivity, 63; cf. evolution, measurement,
flexibility, growth, progress
adjustment, of observations (Ptolemaic),
196
advertising, incentives and pricing, 167
aesthetics, 18, 26, 37, 49, (99), 106,
114, 120, 140-141, 143, 155, 158, (170)-171, 195-196, 199-200, 203-205,
216-217, 249, 251, 264, 266; transcendental (Kant's), 129;
as appropriateness, 142; as good in itself, 249; as
artistic creation, 250-251, 266; as joke-play, 235; as taste, 266; as
subjectivity, 159; and monism, 73; as formal elegance, 81, 120; as distanced
contemplation, 172-174; as styles, 170; as colors and shapes, 139; repertoire
of styles, 177; as policy scenario, 171; as the moral quality of the act, 49;
as related to clarity and distinctness, 19-21; as creativity, 4; as poetic
mood, 153; and beauty, love and truth, 264; art, 267; visual cartoon
presentation, 182-184; aesthetic value, (189); aesthetic intuition, 124;
and ethics, 216-217; beauty of a system and pragmatism, 120-121;
aesthetic mood, 182; aesthetic sensuous intuition, 145; as (in Leibniz) faith
to bridge perception and clarity, 242; as related to obscure non-clear and
confuse ideas, 21; dimensions of aesthetical discussion (complexity,
obscureness, confusedness), 37; cf. beauty, image, imagination, drama,
narrative, taste, appropriateness, style, form, function, creativity
agent, intelligent, 116-118; as in
Internet, 117; cf. actor, decision maker, artificial intelligence AI
aggregation, of data, 161
agreement, 85, 88,
92-94, 97, 101, 104-105, 110, 112, 114, 118-119,
126, 154, 157, 161-162, 169, 174, 187-188, 190-194,
198-199: esp. 190, 194, 198-199, 202, 243; control on, 150; in
naive empiricism, 191; disagreement for, 193; as objectivity, 150; unconscious
Lockean, 194; isomorphic, of inputs, 154; basis of conventional, 112; cf.
consensus, consistency, cooperation, convergence, conversation, debate,
conflict, pluralism, understanding, democracy, politics, enemy, disagreement,
contradiction
AI; cf. artificial intelligence, expert
systems, intelligence
algorithm, 88-89, 140; algorithmic
thinking, 140
alienation, 159, 161, 163;
cf. commitment, participation
ambiguity, as related to redundancy, 161
analogy, 141, 143, 148; rich analogy, 143;
cf. metaphor
analysis, 4, as decomposition, 67; as
dichotomy, 159; cf. system-subsystems, partitioning
analytic philosophy, 134, 160-161
analytic sentences, 134
Anaxagoras, 41, 78
ancestors, 201; cf. death, past, future
generations
ANT; cf. actor network (theory, Bruno
Latour, Michel Callon)
antagonism, 178; cf. enemy, conflict,
cooperation
anti-planning, 49; cf. anti teleology,
anti-thinking
anti teleology, 49, 216-217, 246-258;
cf. anti thinking, Checkland, postmodernism, ateleology, romanticism
anti thinking, 49, 176, 203; cf. anti
teleology, ateleology, aesthetic, antinomy, relativism, postmodernism,
romanticism
antinomy 144, 170, 172; and synthesis,
172; cf. antithesis, vs. contradiction, vs. enemy
antithesis, 170,
172-177
aposteriori or
a-posteriori, 110; cf. apriori
apperception, 30, 73-75, 82,
93-94, (141-146, 197-198); cf. representation, Weltanschauung, sweeping-in,
attention, will
applied problem, triviality of, 139-140
appreciation; cf. value, evaluation,
ethics, quality
appropriateness, 130; of solution, 142;
cf. aesthetics, beauty
approximation, 4, 95; to truth, 144;
endless, 4; cf. convergence, accuracy, truth, reality, relativism, chap. (9), passim
apriori or a-priori, 88, 109-111, 115,
124-126, 128-129, 132, 136, 194, chap. 6, passim; vs. aposteriori, as
hidden assumption, 184; Lockean, 99; empirical, 136; 110; self-examination of,
129; empiricist, 134; minimum, 124; Ptolemaic adjustments, 196; revision of,
194; generalization, 109-110; validation of, 130; cf. presuppositions; minimal,
124, 133-138; for empiricism, 133, 136; cf. aposteriori (a-posteriori)
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 18
arbitrary, 105, 117, 186-187, 189; cf.
conventional
arbitrator, in conflict, 174;
distinguished from synonyms: conciliator, mediator in negotiation or bargaining
archetype, 244-245; cf. myth,
unconscious, Jung
archive, 101; cf. database, library
architecture, 7; cf. aesthetics, form,
function, structure
argumentation, 175-176; cf. debate,
learning, conversation, agreement, drama, sweeping-in, logic, Hegelian I.S.
(chap. 7), Leibnizian fact nets (chap. 2)
Aristotle, 18, 108, 210-211, 253, 258;
Aristotelian imagery, 210-211
arithmetic, 128-129, 130.131, (134),
192, 197; alternative, 129; and geometry and kinematics, 197; cf. mathematics
armament; cf. weapon
arrows-and-boxes, inputs as, 107
art, 158, 249, 266; and management,
social science, and physics, 93; cf. aesthetics, apperception
artefact, separability or context of,
54; cf. technology, machine, artificial, instrument, production, function,
means, tool
artificial, 4, 17, (131), 150, 156, 158,
161, 257, 259; cf. virtual, artificial intelligence, expert system
artificial intelligence, 4, 16-17,
(21-22), 23, 26, 27-28, 39, 41, 63-64, (71), 74, (78, 87, 90),
91, 93, 99-102, 115-116, 118-119, 124, (129), 131,
134, 138, 150, 156-157, 158, 161, 195,
197, 214-215!-216, 256-257, 259-260, 262, 276-277; chap,
4, passim; cf. expert systems, intelligence; artefact, agent
intelligent
as-if, 46
aspect 46, 75, (81), 107, 113, (119), 120,
124, 125, 149, 159, 166, 169, 170-171,
174-178; view, 194, 225; as subjectivism, 151-153, as state of
mind, 156-157; and set of representations of object, 159; as descriptor, 192;
cf. perspective, viewpoint, attitude, apriori, Weltanschauung, apperception,
ateleology, anti teleology, vs. objectivity, subjectivism, relativism,
observation, view, vision, image, picture, description, vs. action
aspiration (ideal), 253
assumptions 94, 145, 125, 183; analysis
of, 171, 178; basic assumption, ontological assumption, 184, 192; and
unexplainable events, 136; cf. presuppositions, foreknowledge
astrology, 244
astronomy, 135, 196-197; astronomical
clock, 135; cf. Newton, Copernican revolution, Ptolemaic theory
astute empiricist, 150
ateleology, as basic design, 152-153,
216-217, 227-228, 252-255; cf. anti teleology, teleology
atoms, 209
attention, 98-99, 102, 112,
125, 138, 142, 166-168, 185; cf. relevance,
observation, aspect, Weltanschauung, perception, teleology, apperception
attitude 105, 118, 159, 172, 252; as
psychological temperament, 261; as alienated experimenters, 159; so-what, 164;
cf. aspect, viewpoint
attribute, cf. property, 99-107, 202
auditing, 162, 190
Austin, John L., cf. action language,
illocutory forces
authoring, cf. learning
authority and authorization, 99, 123,
144, 149-150, 153, 161-164, 167-168, 196; delegation of, 163-164,
167; vs. strategic decisions, 196; as perfect observer, 40; of
international body, 188; cf. management, legitimation, responsibility, power,
hierarchy, ethics, dogma
authorization, 167 (SAF), 160-162, 164
automation, 115-116; cf.
artificial intelligence
autonomy, cf. independence, freedom,
trilogy, handlingsutrymme (in Swedish), convergence
autopoiesis, 158, (169)
axioms, 136; of clock events and
kinematical, 135; proof of empirical apriori set of axioms, 135-136; and
theorems, 136, 142; cf. absurdum, theorems, hypothesis
background, visual, 125
backtrack, backtracking, 100
bargain, 174; cf. negotiation
basic data, 137; raw data, 82, 125, 133,
165-166
Bayesian probability, 114, 153
beauty, of systems, 120; of love, 264;
cf. aesthetics, art
behavior, 149, 159
behavior, 148, 151, 154, 156-157, 159
being: cf. existence, ontology, essence,
substance, phenomenology, interpretive
belief, 24, 114, 171-172, 184; cf.
faith, conviction, guarantor, trust, hope, doubt
benefit, as resource allocation, 156;
cf. performance measure, income, profit, ethics
Berkeley, G., 35, 105, 122, 150; cf.
solipsism
Bessel, 197-198; effect, (156); cf. reaction
time
bias, 141, 176, 183; cf. measurement,
error, accuracy
biology, 116, 192, 197-198; molecular,
197; cf. function, life, organism
bird, black, example, 29-30
bird, example, 123-124; cf. swans
bird-egg, causality example, 134
bit, of information, 161
black box model, 154, 156; cf.
stimulus-response
blood, as conviction, 178
body, knowledge through/of, 263;
cf. sensation, perception, sensuous, empiricism, aesthetics, hypermedia,
implementation, reality, mind, unconscious
Boolean compounding, 100-101, 106; class
logic, 108-109
boundaries, 222
brain, 6, 23, 27-28, 39, 41, 118; as
information processor, 161; monkey-brain, 23; research, 161; cf. spirit, soul,
mind, reason-intellect, artificial intelligence
brain, human, 161
brain, monkey or ape, 23
bricolage and tinkering, 41, 51, 153,
193-194, 196; cf. improvisation, adaptive, evolution, ateleology, anti
teleology, intuition, play, shift-and-drift
brilliance (intelligence), 222
browsing; cf. library, representation,
navigation
Buddha, 204; cf. God
Buchanan, B., 79n
budgeting, 67; and cost accounting, 166-168;
cf. PPB
bureaucracy, 162
business, cf. inventory, manufacturing,
sales, e-business
butterfly and storm example, 63
buzzwords, in management fads, 92
calibration, 52, 132, 135-136 (A.
Danielsson), 152, 191, 198; as adjustment of readings, 195-196;
cf. measurement, standard
capital, 165-167; cf. inventory,
environment, investment
car, and rock on road, 114-115; log
across the road, 160
cardinality, and ordinality in
measurement, 152
care; cf. lova, attention
Carnap, 81
case study, 131-132; (152), 171, 193,
255-256; and generalizations, 79, (108); and fact, 256; cf. ethnographic
method, observation, generalization, uniqueness
catalogue, of opportunities, cf.
repertoire
categories, 75-76, 108-109
catchwords, in management fads, 92
causality, 23, 44, 110, 113, 126, 131,
134; vs. statistical correlation, 131; in Hume, 130-131; causal
hypotheses, 113; cf. explanation, understanding, producer-product, change
centralization, 67-68; as levels,
76-77; cf. decentralization, hierarchy, levels
certainty; cf. uncertainty
certification, cf. validation
change, 3, 11-12, 12, 14-15,
18, 41, 43, 47-8, 50-52, 63-64-66, 77,
(160), 175, 194, 196-204, 215, 228; resistance to,
14; and politics-law revision, 193-194, 199; why, 194;
of object of measurement, 196-197; optimal, 175; as
revolution or counter-theories, 199; as revision of apriori, 194;
and variation and revision in measurement, 191-200, 204; as adaptability to
environment, 213; vs. restfulness, 200; as design, p. vii; cf. evolution,
stability, process, variation, progress, shift and drift, trial-and-error,
bricolage, creativity, learning, improvement, sweep-in, implementation,
revision, causality, variation, revolution, flexibility, maturation, development,
synthesis
chaos theory, as example of butterfly
vs. storm, 63
chapter (1), 3,
63, 74, 77
chapter (2), 19,
21, 95, 97 (ex.), 105, 111, 116, 119, 122, 135, 144, 176-177
(summary), 194, 197, 241
chapter (3), 20,
37, 34-35, 42, 39, 40-41
chapter (4), 37,
39, 79, 116, 144-145, 197-198, 180, 259
chapter (5), 37,
95, 20-21, 33 111, (Leibniz), (118), 116, 122-123, 144, 177, 194,
242, 259, 105; vs. Leibniz, 241-242
chapter (6), 37,
128, 20, 70, 87, (95), 106, 109, 111, 116, 126, 149, 176-177,
194, 242, 259, 265
chapter (7), 20,
37, 149, 70, (95), 105, 119, 147, 194, 215, 249, 265, 271
chapter (9), 20,
37, 85, 186, 46, 85-86, 105, 119, 211, 214, 222-223, 253
chapter (10), 209,
238
chapter (11), 93,
122, 219
chapter (12), 180,
230, 180
chapter (13), 237, 229
chapter (16), 274, 109?
character; cf. entity, individuation,
pattern, property, object
checkers-chess, examples, 22, (125),
138, 142; cf. games
Checkland, P.; 227-229, 249, 252, 254;
vs. anatomy of goal seeking, purpose, will, and anti thinking, anti teleology,
247-258; ateleology, 227-228, 252-255; rich picture, 71-72, 170-171; and
pluralism, 71; cf. Weltanschauung, 169-176
checks and balances, 169
chemistry, chap. (4) passim, 116,
144, 198
chess, 22-23, 26, (120), (125), 138,
142, 187 (arbitrary), 189; cf. checkers-chess
Christ, cf. God, religion, ethics,
Buddha, hero
Church; as design of individual's
relationship to his God, 205; vs. expertise in moral matters, 163; cf. religion
Churchman, C.W, on global ethical
management, cf. ethics and http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/~gem
circle, vicious, 169; cf. vicious
circle, infinite regress
clarity, clearness (cf. simplicity),
20-21
classes, 33, 108-109, 159; cf. logic
classification, 33, 36, 42, 117, 159,
186-187, 192, 204; coding, logical division, exhaustive-inclusive,
192; as distinctions, 192, 270; as labelling, 101; of sciences, 197; cf.
measurement, partitioning, distinctions, taxonomy, categories, definition,
partitioning
clear, vs. distinct, and simple vs.
complex, 19-21
client, 47-48; mankind as
generalized client, 65 vs. 67, 200-201; as future generations, 201; as an
ought, 48; and ethics, 48
clock, cf. space-time, 106-107, 109-110,
131-132, 134-135; as an a priori, 110, astronomical botanical
psychological, 110; astronomical, 110, 135
closed system, 44
coarse picture; cf. detail, image,
clarity vs. simplicity
coconstruction, as collective mind, 162;
cf. construction, cooperation, consensus, general will, dialectics, learning
coconstructive mind, 71, 162, 174
coding; 117, 192; cf. classification,
taxonomy, measurement
cognition: cf. cognitive models,
recognition
cognitive dissonance, 171
cognitive models, 156-157-158,
160-161; of value judgements, 102; recognition, 145; cognitive science, 161;
cognitive styles: cf. styles, of inquiry (chaps. 2-10); cf. learning, inquiry,
knowledge, mental models
coherence (theory of truth), 33
collaboration: cf. cooperation, work
collective conscious, 154, 162,
164
collective mind, 70, 162, 194, 196
collective unconscious, 203, cf. Jung,
unconscious
color, perception and observation of,
101, 103, 150-151, 157-158, 164
comedy, 254; cf. comic
combination, and imagination, 31-32, 36;
cf. creativity
comic, 178, 205
command, 115; ;
cf. imperative mood
commerce, Internet-, 165; requiring
decomposition principle, 67; cf. inventory wharehousing, e-business
commitment (cf. conviction, vs. cf.
alienation); ontological, basic assumption, 192, 177
common sense, 19, 135, 162;
realsim, 19; in pluralism, 71
communication, 5-6, 35, 107, 118-119,
123, 125, 135, 152, 169, 171, 198; for explicitation of design
155-157; rich, 122; language of, 124;
scientific, 61; efficiency of ICT information and communcation technology, 137;
cf conversation, language, democracy, agreement, cooperation, Internet
communicative action; cf. action
language, is-ought, Habermas
communism, 172-173, 222
community, Lockean, chap. (5), 101, 123,
187, 189, community of minds, 97; of practice, 167; conventional, 150;
community or public knowledge, 154; interpretive community, 159;
cf. Lockean I.S. chap. 5 passim
comparative method, 152-153
comparison, 187; of utilities, 155; and
transformation into numbers in measurement, 187; cf. measurement, ordinality
and cardinality, otherness
competence, 191, 200, 228; core, 184; in
observation as judgment of competent over-observer, 191; cf. knowledge,
learning; expert, perfect or normal observer, perfect observer, metadesigner,
implementation, practice, evaluation, measure of performance
competition, between fact nets, 86, 93;
cf. chap. (7) passim
completeness, 124; 199, 262; of empirical
count, 120, 124; cf. contentment
complexity, 56, 137; and simplicity, 141;and simplicity, clarity, and distinctness, 19-21;
cf. simplicity
components, as subsystems, 7-8, 49-60,
56-57, 67, 167; cf. subsystems, parts
compromise, 174; cf. negotiation,
agreement
computer as person (ref. Janlert, L-E),
214; cf. behaviorism
computer science, relevant direct or
indirect references to, vii, 6, 9, 11-13, (14), 15-18, 20-21, 25-27, 35, 37,
45, 54, 58-59, 80, 82, 90-93, 101, 104, 112, 115-116, 118, 125-126, 129,
130-132, 137, 150, 158, 160, 171, 195, 197, 212, 214, 216; parsing 20-21,
142-143, 202; executive of operating system, 27; intelligence of, 259; as
instrument, 81-94; support, 6; cf. tool, instrument, Hegelian IS,
artificial intelligence, program
computer support, 115-116, 118; for
negotiation, cf. Hegelian IS; cf. tool, instrument, artificial intelligence
computerization, as logical
reconstruction, 195
computing , science: cf. algorithm, and
Leibnizian inquiring systems, chap. 2 passim
computing, ubiquitous: cf. mobile
Internet
conceptual framework, 82, 143; cf.
system definition, model, theory
confidence, 83, 90, 111, 113, 199; cf.
trust, conviction, confirmation
conferencing, 13
confirmation, 81; degree of, 80, 83; cf.
confidence
conflict, 73, 105, 173-174,
177, 185, 188, 191, 196, 199, 203; resolution of, 174, and
cf. diplomacy; of ideas, 177, 185; in measurement, 190; cf. agreement,
disagreement, debate, enemy, diplomacy
confusedness, 96; as related to
aesthetic, cf. simplicity, complexity, clarity, distinctness
connotation, 161; cf. denotation or
extension
consciousness, 28, 39; political,
184-185, 276; cf. self-consciousness, self-reflection, explicitness,
unconscious
consensus, 92; cf. agreement,
consistency, chap. (5) passim
conservative, and reactionary, 17, 204;
cf. reactionary, revolution, change
consistency, 31-32, 190-191, 193,
195, 198; in replications of observation in measurement, 191, 193; as
overcoming of inconsistency, 197; cf. agreement, consensus, ambiguity
construction, 14, 33 & 175
(embryonic models), 56-57 (learning -part of the system), 63
(adaptivity-flexibility-stability), 105, 120 (who), 141 (flexibility), 162
(audit), 169 (picture), 171 (Hegel), 172-174 (coconstructive mind), 176 (cost),
199, 219-220, 227-229, 232, 235, 250, 253-244; as system reconstitution, 67;
cf. fact-nets, consensus
construction, criticism of, 33, 63, vs
monistic apperception, 75-76; as learning, 108; depictive, 141 & 145; and agreement, 173, 174, 176-177, 194 ; challenge
of 198-199 ; vs. embryo, 14, 15, 33; vs. change, 41; as
trial and error, 51; as adaptive system, 63; vs depictive reality,
76; as progress, 178; as pluralism and common sense, 71; as collective mind,
162
constructivism, 72; cf. construction
constructs, 72
consulting, 74; and system, 184; cf.
expertise, planner, designer
contentment, 199
context, 109, 167; and separability, 54;
contextual induction, 109, 112; cf. system, environment, narrative,
textualization (Zuboff)
contextual justification, 112
contingent facts or truths, 29-31,
76, 88, 96
continuous systems development, cf.
evolution, improvement, change, revision, coconstruction, stability, learning,
reengineering
contradiction, 32, 108, 170, 172, (182);
as antinomy in unconstrained reason, 145, 170; apparent, 136; self-contradiction,
31; as stopping of formal inquiry, 70; vs. deadly enemy, 172; vs. contrariness,
182; cf. counter-instance, agreement, conversation, antinomy,
self-contradiction
contrariness, 182, 193; logical, 182;
vs. dual Weltanschauung, 198; cf. (counter)-hypothesis
control, 135, 150, 158, 196;
as self-reflection, 158; as test of validity of results, 149; cf. guarantor,
management, executive, implementation, authority, hierarchy, cybernetic
feedback, power, evaluation, monitoring
conventional, 71-72, 101, 105, 112, 114-115,
117, 119-120, 123, 135, 137,
150, 186-189; community, 150; Lockean inquirers, 115; cf.
arbitrary
convergence, 32-34, 95-96, 175-176, 194,
197, 199, 202, 241; of system actor roles, 200-201, 204; cf. sweeping-in,
approximation, agreement, accuracy, ideal seeking, monism, Singerian inquiring
systems chap. 9 (passim)
conversation , 70, 112-113, 136, 172-175,
185; conclusion vs. question, 118-119, 172, 277; cf
communication: viii, contradiction, debate, sweep in, conversation killing
conversation killing, 6, 104-105,
144, (174), 198; as uncertainty blocked our of
discourse, 202; depictive, 115; convention, 123; 160-164, 173, 198;
through contradiction, 70; vs. deadly enemy, 172; cf. disagreement, agreement,
counter-instance, debate, conflict, enemy, contradiction, conversation
conviction, 98-99, 111, 119, 122-123,
154, 170-174, 177-178, 184, 190, 229; from refinement or precision, 190;
as vision, 178; origin of, 174; designer's, 154; as reflective intuition, 107;
cf. feeling, vision, commitment, engagement, evidence, credibility, confidence,
trust, faith, rhetoric, aesthetics
cookery, 266; cf. nourishment,
gastronomy
cooperation, 54, 118-119, 121-122, 156,
174, 200-203, 250, 254; as ethics defined, 200;
cf. learning, implementation, trilogy, production, agreement, politics, ethics,
power, democracy, conflict, CSCW, love, charity
Copernican revolution, 137, 196
core competence, 184
correlation, statistical, vs. causality,
131
correctness, 170; cf. accuracy
correspondence, reality as, 160
ost accounting, 65-66, 124-125, 163-164,
167-168; in inventory control, 165
cost, and benefit, 67, 90-91, 92,
120-121, 124, 141, 163-165-166, 168; 177,
245, 270; of information, 120-122; opportunity cost, 165; and accuracy, 62; of
empirical research and politics, 120; as resource allocation,
156; cost reduction, 124; cf. performance, measure of performance, resource,
downsizing, reengineering
cost, systemic, 55, 141, 167-168,
176-177, 188; and empiricism, 120, opportunity cost, 167, 169; marginal, 141; cost effectiveness, 67; and savings, 124
counter-instance, 194;
counter-induction, 111-112; cf. contradiction, perfect observer
Cranberg, L.; cf. law, 198
creativity, 3-4, 13, 17-18, 30, 116,
118, 139-140, 142-143, (167), 195, 205, 216, 243
(religion), 249; as patterns of discovery, 80, 280; and design, 18, 142-143,
205; as discovery, 195; creative act, 243; in finding a rich analogy, 143;
vs. methodology, 262; and the unconscious, 264-265; cf. design, imagination, vision, production, intuition, learning,
inspiration
credibility or credence, 98, 171-175,
190; cf. accuracy, trust, conviction, validity and validation, evidence, proof
crucial test, 136, 159; cf. test
CSCW, cf. cooperation, work,
action-activity
Cuba crisis, 98
culture, 74, 105, 108, 170; cf.
Weltanschauung, tradition, paradigm, Lockean community, consensus, history
cumulative knowledge; cf. fact nets,
Leibnizian IS, Lockean IS
curiosity, 26
customer, cf. client
cybernetics, 214; cf. control,
management
cyberspace; cf. Internet, community,
system
data, 6, 8-9, 11, 36, 60-62, 72,
84, 90, 114, 125, 132-134, 137, 171, 215; collection of or memory, 6;
separability of, 88-91, 110, 114, 132; collection, 153; data and program, 103;
and assumptions, 132; economical set of data, 86, 137; vs. theory, 87; as
system, 168; v s. information, 171; as optimum model, 171; immediate sense,
151-152; warrant of, 94-95, 169; raw basic data, 82, 99, 125, 133, 137,
165-166; and generalization, 111; immediacy of sense data, 155; representation,
116, 125-126, and chap. 7, passim; cf. symbol, input, picture, image,
reception, fact, basic data
data analysis, 88-91, 114
data base, 9-10, 60-62, 95, 98, 101,
106, 108-109, 110, 114-115, 117, 120-121, 132-133,
160-162, 164-165-166, 171, 173, 175, 195, 216, 259; as
instructions or program 202; as Lockean IS, 99-118; as library, 117, 121;
as function of identifier, 106; as filing system, 101; as
"is-it-indeed?", 164; as repertoire, 170; as image of reality,
160; vs. information system, 85; database systems, 121;
transmitting data from, to theoretical sector, 132; acceptance of warranted,
195; cf. object orientation, data collection, retrieval
data collection, 84, 99-100, 106, 110,
114-115, 116, 120, 125, 132, 153, 155, 191; separability of, 132;
cf. measurement, empiricism, rich data
data mining, 115, 132-133; cf. data
collection, data base, statistics
data security, 161
data source, 150; collection from, 153
data structure, 137, 160-161; cf.
knowledge representation
datadelegationen, 177, 180, 183
dead, clients, (133), 201
death, 200-201, 203; dead clients,
(133), 201; cf. future generations, ancestors, God
debate, 32, (87), 158-159, 162, 175,
183, 185, 195, 199; as conversation, 174-175; vs. dialectic, 183, 185; and
objectivity, 162, 175; cf. agreement, disagreement, conflict,
learning, conversation
decentralization, 67-68, 196; as
pluralism, 71; cf. centralization
decision, 105-106, 114-115, 164
decision makers, 43, 47, 52, 68, 92, 200-201;
choice of, 52; and designer or planner, 66, 68; as leaders and heroes, 200; cf.
management
decomposition principle, 67
deduction, 94; and induction, 145; cf.
induction
definition, 4, 29-31, 77,
136, 205; operational, 115, 187, 191; redefinition, 136; cf. distinction,
classification, translation
degree of freedom; cf. handlingsutrymme,
freedom, tolerance, politics, power, negotiation
deliberation; cf. judgment, inquiry (passim)
deliberative polls, cf. democracy,
democracy electronic
Delphi technique, 106; cf. opinion
surveys, disagreement
demand, 166-167; cf. client, marketing,
need, advertising
democracy 61, 68, 77, 105, 108, 123,
149, 158, 163-164, 169, 172-173, 176-177, 188, 194, 196, 203, 269; and
law or legal system, 108, 123; and information, 176-177; as community
knowledge, 154; as collective mind, 162; in inquiry, 268-269; as checks and
balances, 169; as infinite regress, 169; as mutual observation, 154-155; as
agreement in replication, 190; as decentralized control, 196; elec tronic
e-democracy or governance, (123), 269-270; cf. participation, cooperation,
majority, commitment, work, agreement, pluralism; vs. alienation, marxism,
communism, power, law, justice
Democritus, 209
demonstration; cf. absurdum, axioms,
proof, test, validity, truth, conviction
Dendral, AI-system, 98
denotation or extension, 161
depiction, cf. description
Descartes, 22, 62, 70
description, depictive, 76, 115-116,
120-122, 124-125, 135, 140-141, 145, 159-160, 163-164, 166, 170-171,
178, 195, 209; descriptive research, 120-121, 125; error as accuracy of,
201-202; vs. design, 135; descriptive vs. normative model, 133;
cf. image, representation, reality, depiction, qualitative methods, normative,
is-ought
descriptors, 193; cf. attributes
design, vii, 5-17, 48-49-50,
55, 74, 80, 97, 131, 135, 138, 150, 153-155, 162, 165-167, 169,
171, 173, 180, 205, 258, (276); defined, 5, 8, 14, 55, 59-60, 205, 258, 276;
theory of, 262, 264, 267; prolegomena to, 16; subjectivistic
theory of, 155; assumptions of, 123; choice of, 56; and judgment,
175; economy of, 142; and difficulty of planning, 153; essence
and objectivity of, 159; and hypothesis creation, 116;
explicitness of, 155 and cf. explicitness; economy of, 141; strategy of,
194-195; of agreement, 157; vs. description, 135; as system, 55; as feeling of
appropriateness, 142; and anti teleology, 247-258, 249; and
living idea or vision, 173; ateleology as basic design, 227-228,
252-255; of a priori, 130, 142; ideal design, 74; of calibration, 152; of
observation, 119; and creativity, 204-205; of degrees of freedom of action
(Swedish handlingsutrymme), 164; of designers, 43, 47, 52, 55; dynamic, 64;
intuition in, 25; long range, 48-49; and morality, 249; parsimony, 134; and
problems in nature of inquiry, 259-273, 276; of science, 195, 201; and God, 205;
separability of, 54, 66-67, 145-146, and "ought",
74; short range, 48-49; of simple inputs, 99; of input, 137-145;
simplicity in, 78; of systems, 62-63-64; of input, 128; creative, 143;
of an apriori, 130; experimental, 60; and Spinoza, 72; and short-long range
goals, 48-49; and is-ought design vs. description, 135; design situation: cf.
uniqueness, uncertainty, conflict; basic design and logical reconstructionism,
method, 195; vs. description, 135; for objectivity, 149; participatory: cf.
participation vs. alienation; of agreement-standard, 189; and history, 190,
195, 197; design system vs. system, 62-63, 111, 115; as change or as
leadership, 50; critical desigh problems for I.S. with maximal apriori, 142-144;
cf. creativity, form, function, creativity, intuition, romanticism, vision,
ideal, stability, quality, method, learning, explicitness, implicitness,
education, implementation, cooperation, tacit knowledge, construction,
production, development, aesthetics, progress, Rittel H.
design work, the hidden rationale, 5, 8,
20, 32, 41, 43-46, 54ff, 125-126, 141-143, 153-156, 170-173,
243-245, 255, 262, 265, 276; practice vs. imagination, 13; creative act,
17; imagination, 30, 32; elegance, 37; design
rationality-ethics-aesthetics, (38), 49; personal non-theoretical
knowledge, 87-88, 150; observed (design of design), 150; as personal vs.
community knowledge, 154-155; explicit design, 154; and method,
171-172; design process and reflective intuition, 107; cf. tacit knowledge,
parti, judgment
designer, 43, 47-48, 56, 81, 91, 120,
146, 150, 153, 155, 158-159, 162; as having a peculiar and separate
role, 150, 153; as true paradoxial non-designer, 155;
behavior and designed designer, 150; anti teleology of, 249; vs.
decision maker,66, 68; as observer, 159; subjectivity of, 115;
identity of, 146; isolation of, 120; vs. user, 118; designer's
type of feeling against method, 92; designer's knowledge, 154;
and politics, 66; as observer, 150; designer's conviction, 154; return home of
from glamour, 203; cf. metadesigner, planner, expertise
detail, 87, 175, 190; as refinement,
190, 192; cf. partitioning,, subsystem of system,
level, hierarchy, classification, refinement, attention
determinism, 209-210; cf. mechanism
development, 224, 229; cf. learning,
progress, evolution, change
Dewey, J., 189; cf. pragmatism
dialectic, 170, 177, 182,
199, 245, 262; planning, 180; life of, 175; conviction in, 172; deadliest enemy
in, 172; drama-theater in, 172, 178; and epic, 175; eternity of, 245; Hegelian,
170; in humor, 174; in judgement, 175; and leisure class, 176; long-range
planning, 184; and political process, 185; and public information, 271; of
science, 224; dialectic within dialectic and isolation of dialectic process, 183-184;
transcendental, cf. Kant
dialogue, cf. dialectics, conversation,
language, sweep in
dice, example,109
dichotomy, 159, 177; cf. classification,
taxonomy, coding, analysis
dictionary, 29, 33
difference, make a, 164; cf. pragmatism
digital information, 161
diplomacy, as avoidance of
misunderstandings: cf. Leibnizian I.S.; as creation of consensus: cf. chap. 5;
as syntesis of opposition: cf. chap. 7
disagreement, 105, 113, 119, 162, 188, 193-194,
199; as significant variance or variation, 193; cf. conflict,
agreement; conversation killing, Delphi technique
disciplinary science,
74, 195, 200; vs. interdisciplinary, 198; cf.
discipline
disciplines, 40, 74,
195, as de Raadt modalities, 197; disciplinary knowledge, 200; cf.
interdisciplinary
discourse, 103; cf. narrative,
conversation, agreement, argumentation, dialectic, sweep in
discovery, 195
discrimination; cf. partitioning,
classification, precision, accuracy, definition
dissent, 105; cf. disagreement
distinctions, 270; partitioning, 175;
between types of validation, 225; cf. taxonomy, classification, taxonomy,
coding, measurement, definition
distinctness, vs. clarity, and simple
vs. complex, 19-21
distributed intelligent systems, 196;
cf. mobile Internet
diversity, 104, 204; cf. otherness,
pluralism, uniqueness, individuation
dogma, 162, 237
don Juan syndrome, 11; cf. hero, 202-203; cf. restlessness
Dooyeweerd, Herman; cf. multimodal,
Donald De Raadt
double interact, cf. Karl Weick, 99-100,
102-107, 118-120; cf. agreement, cooperation, organization,
Newton's syndrome
doubt, 109, 114, 172-173, 175; as a
design method, 24; uncertainty of, 105; cf. probability, risk, uncertainty,
vagueness, faith, belief, trust, hope, skepticism
downsizing, 124, 165;
as cost reduction, 141; as management fad, 92-93; cf.
reengineering, cost reduction, just in time, efficiency, effectiveness,
productivity
drama, as living reality, 170-173, 175,
178, 181, 203, 244; cf. narrative, myth, rhetoric
Dreyfus, H., 16
drifting, or drift in the use of
technology; cf. shift-and-drift, function-creep
duplication, cf. replication, uniqueness
dynamic knowledge or learning, 112;
cf. evolutionary, learning
ecology, 144, 202;
cf. pollution, aesthetics
e-commerce,
cf. Internet commerce
economics, 25, 37, 67, 120, 122, 124,
137-138, 141, 152-153, 163-168, 176, 211; of information, 124; mathematical,
25; and social aspect, 124; cost accounting, 65-66; economic value of
simplicity, 138-139; economic theory, 152; of data bases, 120-121; of
information, 124; cf. cost, benefits, capital investment, profit, measure of
performance
economy, of inquiry or thought, 15-16,
86, 120, 124, 137-138, 217; as effectiveness vs. parsimony, 141; of
computation, 37; economical set of data, 86; of simplicity, 137-138, of time,
81
education, 184, 230, 268-269; and
implementation, 230-236; graduate, 268; theory of, 230; and
learning, 159-160; educational process, 158; cf. learning
effectiveness, 43, 133, 137; of
inquiring systems' sectors, 133; as simplicity, 137; as economy, vs. parsimony,
141; vs efficiency, 137; cf. measure of performance,
separability, efficiency, productivity
efficiency, vs. effectiveness, 137;
cf. effectiveness, parsimony, productivity
EIS, cf. executive inftelligence systems
electronic commerce etc., requiring
decomposition principle, 67, 165; cf. Internet
elegance; 120; cf. aesthetics
elementary, as simple and clear, 19
elements, 19; cf. input, entity
elephant and blind men example, 150, 159
elusiveness, 4, 18, 28, 195; cf.
explicitness, intuition, tacit knowledge
emancipation, 13
embodiment, cf. body
embryo, 33; embryonic incrementalism,
41, 64-65, 228; as Newton's syndrome, 64; cf. adaptive system, evolution
emotions, 203; cf. mood, feeling,
conviction, value
empiricism, 40, 61, 68, 71-72, 95-102-127,
116, 129, 131-132, 134-135, 146, 150-153, 155, 166, 171, 242; logical, 160,
166; and information, 166; and cost, 120; naive, 191;
philosophically astute, 150; empirical investigation, 134; minimalistic, 134;
subjective, 153; presuppositions of, 110; British, 151; vs. mathematics, 112;
empirical method inquiry, 110, 112, 116, 121, 123-124, 155; completeness of empirical
inquiry (cf. statistical sampling), 120, 124; empirical research's cost and
politics, 120; empirical language, 125; is-ought linguistic
puzzle of, 102, 202; cf. experiment, experience, observation, sensation,
perception, data collection, Lockean IS, chap. 5, passim, practice
empowerment, 200; cf. autonomy,
participation, politics, power
end, 45; and religion, 242
enemy, 98, 172, 180-181; 98, knowledge
of; deadliest, 172-173, 178; cf. conflict
England, empiricism developed in, 150
entanglement, 167; cf. system, context
entelechies, 39
entity, 45, 93, 99, 104, 108, 106,
125-126, 129; as "it" or "what", 128; teleological, 93;
process as entity, 100; entity relationship, 34; cf. object, system, subject,
individuation, uniqueness, element, actor
environment, 8, 13, 42-78, 150-151; esp.
51-52, 56, 63; 166-167, 247-248; of science, 200; control
of, 167; as informational constraint, 164; as size or limits of system, 56; as
higher-level; cf. input, external Weltanschauung, 174; cf. separability, input,
context, Swedish "handlingsutrymme", "milj"
EOQ (economic order quantity), 165
epic, 174, 177, 182, 203; cf. drama
Epictetus, 252
epistemology, 17-18, 103, 155, 171-172
ERP enterprise resource planning; as
management fad, 92-93; cf. manufacturing, management information systems MIS
error, 113, 136, 201-202, 242
esoterism, 58, 184, 200; cf. exoteric,
accuracy, measurement
essence, 27-28, cf. existence, 76
ether, 238
ethics, 12, 48-49,
63, 70, 73, 163, 197-198, 200, 202, 216, 218, 222,
255; morals 6, 17; personal, 200-201; as function of clients, 200-201; as good
intentions; vs. authority-responsibility, 196; as power or cooperation, 200;
and power, knowledge and beauty, 73; and theology, 200; ethical
judgement, (202); vs. value measurement, 152-153; of imperative, 202;
cf. values, good, conviction, goal, purpose, is-ought, greed, God, guarantor,
warrant, cooperation, URL: http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/~gem
ethnicity, multi-, (182)
ethnographic method and observation,
119, 121, 125-126, 138-139, 154, 156,
159-160, 166-167, 171, 195; cf. qualitative method,
scientific method, observation
evaluation, 136, 263-264; empirical,
110; cf. value, utility, quality
event, 134, 136: cf. message,
information, function, action, transaction
evidence, 55, 63, 76, 112, 152, 164, 172;
knowledge and probability, 55; credibility or credence, 173; vs. mood, 203;
self-evidence, 27, 162; objective, 119; cf. counter-instance; cf. proof, truth,
relevance, validity
evil, 72, 76; cf. ethics
evolution, 33, 63-66, 112;
positivism as, 63, 66-67; evolutionary adaptive system, 63, 175;
as progress, 178; cf. flexibility, adaptive, growth, progress, incrementalism,
learning, change, improvement, change, survival-reproduction, coconstruction,
reengineering, embryo, adaptive system
examples, pedagogical in the book; cf.
bird (and egg, swan), dice, elephant, log, rock, sawmill, toothache,
radarscope, swan, sales statistics, color perception, log across the road,
sailing and smaller mind, spectacles, checkers-chess, ticktacktoe, magic
square, hawk-dove, mother and quarreling sons, stooge, table or desk in
measurement, monkey brain, rain today, butterfly and storm, Cuba crisis,
scratches on photographical plate, young Lockean investigator, professors and
dissenting students
excluded middle, principle, 108
executive, 27, 33, 36-38, 142, 145-146,
148; operating system, 27; executive intelligence system, 97, 112-113, 118,
124, 175; ; executive intelligence I.S.:
cf. control, strategy, intelligence, information systems, (operating system)
exhaustive classification or taxonomy, 192
existence, 71, 76, 78; cf. ontology
exoteric, 200, 219-220, 225, 237, 268;
cf. esoteric
experience, 26, 100, 119, 129, 135,
144, 148, 170, 250; meaning of, 70; learning by, 131; human, 119; cf.
learning, perception, sensation
experiments, 42, 60, 63, 73-75, 85,
87, 113, 134-136, 159, 183-184, 192-194,
198-199, 229, 231, 235; as systems, 60; experimental results and theory,
192; statistical, 183-184; experimental method, 113, 135, 191-194;
positivistic, 60; as alienation, 159; Galilei's, 132; thought experiment, 191;
experimental design, 113, 182, 183-184; experimentation, 51, 192;
cf. replication; cf. chap. (12) 230ff;
expertise, 49-50, 74, 82-83,
87, 99, 101, 111-112, 114, 162-163, 168-169, 176-177, 180, 183,
268-269, 272-273; and information, 101, 114, 118, 162; in
inquiry, 87-88, 99; test of, 163; in systems science, 231;defense
of, 269; as subsystems separability, 53; and monism, 73-74; and
democracy, 176; cf. designer, consulting, specialization, artificial
intelligence, expert systems, systems separability, peer review, idiot savant
explanation, 4, 6, 26-27, 35, 37, 41,
46, 80, 83, 85-86, 100, 104, 136-137, 154; unexplainable events, 136;
explanatory model, 80; cf. why, because, meaning, implication, interpretation,
understanding, interpretation
explicitness, 145, 154-155, 171, 175,
177-178, 186, 194; giving up, 175, 177-178; cf. implicit, tacit
knowledge, design, subjectivism
exploration, and innovation; cf.
innovation
explosion, of information, 176, 267; cf.
expertise
expressing information, 137; cf. gestalt
extension, 77, or denotation, 161; cf.
intension
external, 20, 33, 35, 36, 84, 122,
128, 144, 149, 151, 157-159; cf. input, environment
extrapolation, 210
facilitator (neutral observer), 159; as
synthesizer, 174; cf. negotiation
fact (nets), 32, 37, 39-40,
79, 86, 88, 111, 127, 141, 143, 160, 164,
197, 225; top-bottom-end (of implication) 32, 39-40, 79, 88; in inducer, 143;
in intelligence, 98; in Leibniz, 32; in organic chemistry, 82; ranking of, 34,
37; as likely truth, 32; as information, 160
fact, 32, 86, 90, 150,
160-161, 164; simple, 108; objective, 158; and action, 164; and
value, 164; as likely truth, 32; and alienation of self, 161;
fact nets, 95, chap. (2) passim; cf. truth, data, past, evidence,
information, empiricism
fads, or research or management, 92
faith, (164), 229, 237, 240-243; and
science, 240-246; and belief, 24; cf. belief, guarantor, conviction, trust,
hope, doubt, religion
falsification, 24, 40, 88,
98, 136, 199, 220; cf. error, truth, conviction, encryption, coding
fantasy, 96; cf. imagination
fascism, and socialism, 68
feasibility, 63; as
approvability-probability, 211; cf. implementation
federative or federation, cf. system
feeling, 13, 76, 119, 151, 161, (203),
261-262-264, 270-271; as primacy of the subjective, 151; as
commitment, 171; sensation as surrogate of, 264-265; subjective, 114, 155, 158,
161; as mood, 182, 203; of appropriateness in design, 142; cf. mood,
intuition (as "right feeling"), love, conviction, experience,
sensation, emotion, postmodernism, unconscious, romanticism
Feingenbaum, E. A., 79n, 100
Fermat P. and mathematics, 112
figure, of thought, 158, 169, 171-172;
cf. image, vision, myth, symbol, metaphor, aesthetics
file, 101; cf. database, library
filter, of information, 96, 98
fitness, as appropriateness, 262
flexibility, 63-64, 110, 141, as change,
194; as adjustment of measurements, 196; cf. evolution, learning,
adjustment, stability, change, adaptive
flow, (28, 155); as process vs.
progress, 203-205; cf. fitness, process, creativity, imagination, intuition,
inspiration, enthusiasm, progress, learning, romanticism
forecast, 105-106, 110, 131, 133,
150, 153, 165; cf. prediction, regularity, replication, generalization, past,
future, history, improvisation, bricolage
foreknowledge, 109; cf. apriori,
assumptions, presuppositions, user model
form, 29; logical, 108; cf. formal,
experience, feeling, aesthetic, sensation, value, judgement, morphology,
structure, experience, function
formal, 29, 70, 140, 171-172, 186;
formal science, 129-130; formal thinking, 6; cf. logic, mathematics
formative context, (166); cf.
environment, system, practice, praxis
fourth-box imagery, 216, 243
fragmentation, 202
framework, 110; conceptual, 72, 143
freedom, 11-12, 245; of inquiry, 58, of
the press, 196; 71; of action, 164 and cf. degree of freedom in action (in
Swedish) handlingsutrymme, 7, 13; academic, 58; cf. stability, responsibility,
autonomy, power
function-morphology/structure-teleology,
44-45, 197, 214; in Ackoff's book Scientific Method 155-163; of systems, 75;
basic functions as apperception, 75, 78; as action-activity; psychological,
261; functionalism, (204); cf. form, biology, Ackoff-Emery's book On Purposeful
Systems pp.19-32
functionality; cf. measurement of
performance, satisfactoriness, quality, aesthetics
future generations, 59, 247, 201, 254;
vs. past, 201; as client, 201; cf. death, ancestors
futures research, 131; cf. forecast,
prediction, cause, past-future
fuzzy sets, 105, 214
frutsttningslshet (Swedish for no
presuppositions), 124; cf. apriori
Galilei, G. 132; debate (112)
gambling, 241; cf. play, humor
game theory, 64, 153, 168, 235,
241; and nature, 238; cf. gambling, games
games, 23, 125, 138-139, 235; cf.
checkers, chess, ticktacktoe, magic square, virtuality, drama, play, rules
gastronomy, cf. cookery, nourishment
general systems theory, 41,
75, 77, 78, 93, (168)
general will (Rousseau), 162; as supreme
objective mind, 174, 176-177; as collective absolute mind, 70; and group mind,
68; as good collective mind, 70
generalization, 8, 79, 94, 108-110-112,
123-130-132, 145, 152, 245, 257; as learning, 108; sector of inquirer,
130; vs. counter-instance, 111-112; see particularly: 114, 125, 129,
142, 256; vs. input, 130ff; cf. induction, learning, client
generalization
genetic engineering; cf. molecular
biology, 197; cf. information and chap. (2) passim
geodetic survey, coast and, 187
geographical information systems - GIS,
see space-time framework, action, representation, object-orientation
geometry, 28, 128-129, 134, 136-137,
197; alternative, 129; Euclidean vs. hyperbolic solic, 136; of physicists, 137;
and arithmetic and kinematics, 197; cf. space
Gestalt, as expression of information,
137-143; cf. pattern, expression, representation
GIS, cf. geographical information
systems
goal; goal-seeking behavior, 210, 213;
vs. ideal vs. overall purposeful activity, 5; partial, 73; teleology, anti
teleology, ateleology, action
God, 12, 23, 24, 33-34, 36, 69-70,
72, 74, 95, (176)-177, 203, 205, 241; and intuition, 28, 243; in Leibniz,
33-34; as manager, 74; as the whole and overall system, 69-70; proof of
existence, 23, 33-34, 70, 263; and research, 244; as scientist, 74 vs. 96; as
supreme objective mind, 174, 176-177; as general will, 162; as cooperation,
200; as Buddha, 204; as endless approximation, 199; and the hero, 205; message
from and hero, 203; design of relationship with / heroic mood, 205; Hegelian
177-178; as theological "whole breadth of inquiry", 196;
cf. religion, guarantor, warrant, Christianity, ethics
good, 12; in rationalism, 73; ranking of
goods, 73-74; as power in design, 6, 3 vs. 12; cf. ethics, values
gossip, 98
government; cf. state government,
management, monism, executive
graduate education, as young researcher,
121, 199
graph, 83, 181
greed, and hypocrisy, 173
grounded theory, 61-62, 84
group mind, 68
grov bild (in Swedish), cf. coarse
picture, vision, image, simulation, detail, vs. skarp milj
growth, cf. evolution, progress,
incrementalism, learning, improvement, change, coconstruction, reengineering
guarantor, 59, 62-63, 47,
53-54?, 59-60, 62-63!, 68, 71, 73, 76-78, 93, 98-99, 105, 123-124,
144-145, 160, 162, 176-177-178, 201, 204-205, 216, 229, 237, 239-240-241,
276; design of, 23; in Lockean IS, 115, 123; external Hegelian, 145; and
nature, 274; and future generations, 247; as Hegelian Absolute Mind, 174; as
information master vs. slave, 161; for the elephant and the blind men, 159; as
Hegelian over-observer, 191; of a clock, 135; of reality of inputs, 123; cf.
control, warrant, belief, faith, God, ethics, conviction, security, trust
Habermas, J., as faith in the existence
of agreement, 243; cf. action language, is-ought, Werner Ulrich, (Austin),
(Searle's) speech acts
Hadamard, 28
handlingsrationalitet, cf. action,
response
handlingsutrymme (Swedish for
environment, degrees of freedom in action) and design 7, 13, 105; cf. environment,
resources, functional class, external, situated action, autonomy, freedom,
politics, oppression, conflict, agreement
hawks, and doves, 182
Hawthorne (idea), 54
HCI, cf. human-computer interaction
HCS, Ivanov's "humanistic computing
science" (references to)
Hegel, G.W.F., 35, 70, 105, 158,
170-172, 191, 194, 235, 245, 249; move to Hegelian from Kantian I.S., 265
Heidegger; cf. phenomenology,
interpretiive, ontology, existence, being, otherness
Hempel, 256
heritage, 201
hermeneutics, cf. sweeping-in,
interpretation, understanding, meaning, apriori, aspects, translation,
conversation as pp. vii-viii, learning
hero, 200, 203-204, 244; and his god,
205; heroic mood, 202-203; design of, 204; cf. epic, drama, narrative
heuristics, 27, 82-83, 144; search methods,
38
hierarchy in systems, 76-77, 144;
levels, 76, (105); and participation, 77; cf. authority, levels,
authority, power, separability, components
Hillman, J., 178, 203, 280; cf. Jung
history, 133, 160-161, 166-167,
190; past vs. future, 110, 131-132, 133, 150, 153, 160,
166, 256; of observations, 191; of science, 193; importance of, in design, 190;
cf. forecast, prediction, past-future, future, past generations
hope, 237; cf. faith, trust, belief,
religion, future generations, doubt
horizontal organization, 196;
cf. network
how, 194-195; cf. why,
what-how
human component or dimension, humanness,
capabilities of human component, 97, 118; cf. humanism, social, individuation,
uniqueness
human-computer interaction HCI or CHI, 117-119,
(121), 125, 137, 159; as time for performing a task, 15;
human systems components, 118; translation into the language of the
user, 125; cf. interactivity, reaction-response, support, computer, work,
usability, time savings, HCI, CHI
humanism, Enlightenment's, 255-256; as
individuality, 277; cf. personal knowledge; cf. individuation, uniqueness
Hume, D., 119, 131; problem of, 110,
119, 131; cf. skepticism
humor, 174, 177, 203; of science, 235;
cf. tragedy, comic, play, game
hypermedia, 9, 13; as
sensation-surrogate of feeling, 264-265; cf. drama, aesthetics, sensation,
postmodernism, anti teleology, ateleology, synaesthesia, play, network
hypersystem, 52, (121), 149, 155-156,
158-159, 169, 175, 191, 196, 199; actor roles in, 200-201;
as apperception, 73-74
hypertext, 117, 128
hypothesis, 80, 83, 89,
172, 192-193, 199; formulation, 194-195; vs. counter-hypothesis, 199; testing,
115, 192-193, 196-197, 199; cf.
thesis, contrariness
icon, 20; cf. picture, image, sign
idea, 20; innate, 145, chap. (2) passim;
cf. innate ideas, vision, input, intuition
ideal, 199, 201; and real, 178,
256; ideal design, 13, 74; idealist and realist cit., 199
idealism, 199, 204; and realism, 245
idealist, 199, 245; vs. realist, 199
identification, 36-37, (44), 48,
82, 85, 93, 100-101, 103-104, 106, 111, 124, 127-128, 131,
151, 193, 255-256; and individuation, 111; as conventional identifier,
72; identifier, 106; cf. individuation
idios (idiography), 245, 256
idiot-savant, 32, 139-141, (216-217),
222, 260; ; cf. expertise
if-then, 80, 94, 103; cf. implication,
indicative "is", imperative "ought"
illocutory forces, 102; cf. action
language, imperative, indicative, is-ought, (Austin), (Searle)
illusion, 157, 204, 262; cf. virtual
image recognition, 38, 125-126, 138-140
image, 20, 76, 100, 103, 151, 159,
200; of the mind, 151; of reality, 202-218; ideal scenario, 171, 177; of
nature, natural, 159, 194, 209-212; as image-picture of Weltanschauung, 169;
images of inquiry, 209-215; as picture inputs to Leibnizian IS, 20; as
advertising or propaganda, 183-184; processing of, 124; as pattern of
behavior, 5; as "arrows and boxes", 107; natural or imagery, 194-195,
197-198, 209; cf. vision, depictive, Weltanschauung, symbol, Jung-archetype,
picture, natural image, ideal
imagination, 13, 18-19, 27, 30,
32, 36, 96, 116, 122, 127; cf. creativity, design, fantasy, aesthetics,
combination, metaphysics
immediacy, of sense data, 155
imperative mood, 102-3, 105, 115,
201-202, 247; judgment of acceptance of instruction in, 164, 202;
and linguistic puzzle of empiricism, 102, 202; cf. indicative; cf.
is-ought, ought, deontic, action, instruction
implementation, 5, 13-14,
18, 47-48, 52, 59, 65-66, 92-93, 114-115, 180, 193, 199, 219-229,
230-236, 269, 274; causes of failure, 232-235; cf. action, politics, measure of
performance, satisfactoriness, teleology
implication, 26, 31, 37, 39-40; cf.
inference, induction, deduction
implicitness, 178; and explicitness,
155; cf. explicitness
impression, 119; cf. sensation
improvement, 111, 153, 165, 201;
cf. learning, progress, change, evolution, measure of performance, chap. (7) passim
improvisation, 11, 41, 63,
83, 120, 153, 124, 153, (167); and planning, 41; as
circumambulatio, 205; as storm sailing, 11; cf. change, situated action,
bricolage, shift and drift, postmodernism, satisfactoriness and satisficing,
vs. forecast, prediction, planning
income, measurement of, 189-190; cf.
benefit
inconsistency, and its overcoming in
reading, 197; cf. consistency
incrementalism, 41, 65, 71, 228; cf.
trial & error, change
independence, 191; cf. autonomy
indicative mood, 102-103, 105-107, 109,
115, 135, 168, 201-202; as expert judgment, 164; cf. is-ought,
imperative, mood of propositions
individualism, 4, 68, 71, 154-156, 193,
202, 204
individuation, 36-37, 111, 129, 131; and
identification, 111; by space-time, 110; and uniqueness, 204, 245; vs. classes,
108; as same-another, 151; Jungian process of, 262; cf. identification,
uniqueness, entity, object, item
inducer (induction) and fact net, 143
induction, 26-27, 79, 83, 87,
94, 108-110, 111, 115, 123, 124, 145, 151-152;
explanation of, 80; justification of, 79; Lockean, 112, 123; problem of, 80,
88; and deduction, 145; strategy of, 111; as a system, 90; Mill's laws
of, 113; inductive logic, 123; classical 79, 83; cf. generalization, deduction
inference, 94, 151-153, 191; from
observation, 87, 152; cf. induction, implication, deduction, generalization,
learning
infinite regress, 178; regress or
vicious circle, 168-169, 188
informatics, as method-science, 60,
(74); cf. information, information systems
information; 9, 147, 85, 121, 159-162,
164-5, 167-168; 171; structure 136-137 & 139;
auditors, 162; additional or knowledge, 85; and politics, 121;
and authority, 164; basic, 165; expressing (gestalt), 137; bureaucracy,
162; explosion 91, 267; and event or message, 136; interpretation of, 137, 142;
the conquering lord, 161; economics of, 124; empiricism, 166; experts, 162; in
inventory control, 165; and mind, 160; master-and-slave, 160-161; morality,
163; public, 176; reception of, 100, 128; retrieval of, 101, 162; and
teleology, 163, 165; mathematical theory of, 161; and Weltanschauung, 169-179;
digital, 161; systemic, 167-168; teleological, 165, 167-168;
structures of, 137; human as information processing, 161; vs. data, 171;
society, 217-218; for action: see log, rock, action; cf. data, fact, input,
message, event, knowledge, bits
information system, 54, 56, 62,
85, 167-168; as part of or vs. system, 56, 60; as design
system, 54; as model or data, 61-62; reality of, 72; vs. data base, 85; analogy
to "total generator plant", 72; as production system, 141; and
organization, 121; executive and strategic, 175;
cf. data base, information vs. object, metaphysics or ontology, inquiring
system, passim
information technology IT, cf. computer,
communication, informationinnate ideas, 33-36, 84, 105, 116, 122, 145
inheritance, 108
innate ideas, chap. 2 passim, 145
inner process, 107
innovation, sociology of, 93, 193-194;
as restless change, 199-200, 203; and exploration (of e.g. technology), 193, 199;
and heroic quest, 203-204; cf. creativity, change, technology spread acceptance
assimilation
input model, 142-143
input, 19, 20-22, 33, 35,
45, 96, 84, 86, 91, 96, 99, 100, 106-107,
116, 118, 128, 137-138, 142-145-146-147-148,
151-152, 154, 157-159, 167, 196, 239, 265;
as validated received entity, 107; input process, 99-100; mode of
receiving, 137; inputs and models, 140, 143, 147-148; arrows and boxes, 107; as
stimulus, 159; reality of, 122-123; as mode of receiving information, 137; as
inside/outside, 96, 151; distortion of, 156; adjustment of 196;
as part of the unconscious, 265; cf. observation, measurement,
information, message, apriori, inside-outside; environment, idea, reception,
data collection, problem definition
input-output; representation of
observer, 84, 156
inquirer (not a special type of person),
268
inquiry: as production system, 141;
error in, 113; simplicity of, 142
inside-outside, 96, 150-151; cf. input
insight, 81
inspiration; cf. creativity, intuition,
imagination
instruction; cf. is-ought, learning,
imperative mood, program
instrument, 81-83-94,
115-116, 136; vs. theory, 83; teleological, 93-94; test of, 83; cf. tool,
means, measurement
intellect, 27, 145
intelligence, 4, 16, 97, (125),
137, 140-141, 143-145, 259-260; intelligence test, 39, 140-141,
143; cf. artificial intelligence, distributed intelligent systems, intelligent
agents, reason-intellect, mind, knowledge
intelligence systems, military, 97-98,
124; cf. strategy, enemy, competition
intelligence tests, 143
intelligent agent, cf. agent artificial,
artefact, artificial intelligence AI
intelligibility as design, 145, 155; cf.
explicit
intension, 77; cf. extension
intensity, of impressions, 107,
119; cf. sensation
interaction, 31, 43-46, 159, 168-169;
cf. action, reaction, response, stimulus, dialectics, communication,
cooperation, learning, conversation, sweep in, human-computer interaction
HCI-CHI
interactivity, 15-16, 83ff, 106, 159,
168, 170, 171-174, 183; cf. action-activity, reaction, response,
human-computer interaction
interdisciplinarity, 40, 74-75, 195,
197-198, 200; cf. system, transdisciplinarity, apperception, sweep in,
conversation, perspective, aspect, Weltanschauung
interface, 151; cf. separability,
interaction, action
internal-external (cf. input), 26, 26,
33, 36, 84, 107, 122, 128, 138, 144-145, 151, 156-157,
159
international body, authority of, 188
Internet analogies, 9-10,
13-16, 26, 61-62, 117, 120-121; Internet design,
128; navigation browsing retrieval, 62, 117; Internet commerce, 165; as
scientific communication, 61-62; requiring decomposition principle for business
analysis, 67; cf. library, communication, database, hypermedia, network, World
Wide Web
interpolation-extrapolation, 112; cf.
partitioning
interpretation, 110, 136-137, 142; ease
of, 137; of data in Weltanschauung, 110, 169-170; of sensory
responses, 194; of information, 137, 142; cf. meaning, perspective,
understanding, explanation
interpretive approach, 49, 158-160,
170-172, 174, 176, 181-185, 198; cf.
phenomenology, understanding, meaning, life, intersubjectivity
interpretive community, 159;
cf. chap.(5) passim
interrogative mood, cf. mood of
propositions
intersubjectivity, 149, 159, 169; cf.
hypersystem, interpretive approach
intervention, 171; cf. participation,
cooperation, conflict, politics, implementation, reality
interviews, and alienated experimenters,
159; interview technique, 120-121; cf. conversation, data collection,
questioning, understanding, explanation, interpretation
introspection, 107, 129, 150-156; as
inner process or reflection, 107; cf. subjectivism, reflection,
self-reflection; (sensuous) intuition, mind
intuition, 21, 25-28, 71, 76, 80, 81,
84, 87-88, 90, 92, 114, 119, 120-121, (150-151), 153-155, 158,
171, 176-177, 194, 203-205, 243, 261-263; as subjective feeling, 114, 119;
as common sense, 13; Spinozian, 25-28; as poetic fashion, 153; reflective, 107;
sensuous, 131, 145; as aesthetical fitness, 80; having a feel vs right feeling,
90; aesthetic intuition, 124; cf. judgment, creativity, imagination,
perception, sensuous intuition, unconscious, elusive, drama, romanticism,
inspiration
invariances, 156; cf. change, trial and
error, stability
inventory model, 53-54, 165-166; cf.
Internet commerce
investment, 167; cf. economics, capital
irony, cf. humor, drama, narrative
irrationality, 159; cf. rationality,
evidence, truth
IS, cf. information (system), 159-168
is-it-indeed, database as, 164
is-ought, 52, 54, 56, 74, 102-103, 115,
133, 164, 168, 198, 201-202; in prediction, 110;
and linguistic puzzle of empiricism, 102, 202; cf. ought, instruction,
ethics, ndicative, imperative, description, action
isomorphism (cf. general systems
theory), 11, 110, 125, 154
it, 128; cf. entity, individuation
IT-information technology, cf. computer,
communication, information
item, 101, 104; cf. individuation
iteration (cf. self,
recurrence-recursivity), 135-136
Ivanov*, Kristo (project SAF on privacy,
integrity, and rule-of-law), 123!, 155, 167,
172, 174, 175!; checks and balances, 169
Ivanov*, Kristo, (project A2psi on
"Psychology and computers"), 6, 18, 24, 25 (intuition, Hilbert
vs. Brouwer), 32 (love, idiot savant), 68 (vs. Jung), 81, 82, 92, 96,
97, 98 (psiA), (129) (precision), (105), 107, 110, 118-119 (love), 121,
123, 150, 162, 190 (convincing), 197, 216-217 (idiot
savant), 215
Ivanov*, Kristo, (project AVH on
"Quality-accuracy"), 4, 6, 5, 9, 10, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,
26, 27, 29, 31, 32 (relevance), 33, 37, 39, 40, (46), 59, 60-61, 62-63,
65, 74-75, 77, 83-84-85, 86, 88!?, 95-96, 97-98-101,
103-104-105, 107, 109-110-111-113, 116, 118-120, 123, 131-132,
133, 135-136, 141, 147, 150, 153-154-155, 156, 159, 160-161,-162,
166, 167, 173-174, 175, 178, 186-187, 190-193-194, 199,
201-202, 211, 218, 225, 235 (replication, precision-accuracy),
239, 242, 253, 257, 265-266, 268, 272, 273, 277; convergence of search
& truth, 175
Ivanov*, Kristo, (project B&R on
Belief & Reason), 4, 12, 24-25, 28, 34, 36, 40, 49, 96, 119, 121 (D'Arcy
hierarchy spirit-knowledge), x163!, 172, 173 (love),
174, 176, 196, 200, 203, 204-205
Ivanov*, Kristo, (sub project A2M on "Method for project Psychology and
Computers"), 85, 92!, 139 (mat), 154-155 (Jung-A2psi), 171-172-173,
, 177 (J), 178 (J), (190), 197, 240-241, 243, 245
James, W., 164, 168, 238, 240;
cf. pragmatism
judgement, 25, 27, 28, 101-102,
113, 175, 193-194, 202; expert and design judgment, 99;
expert judgment, 164; as reflective intuition, 107; as subjective belief, 114;
as intensity of impression, 119; basis for, 101; ethical imperative mode of,
202; and design, 175; by inquiring system, 192; of whole system, 193;
cf. decision, intuition, measurement, deliberation
Jung, C.G., (105), 203-204, 205, 244,
261-262, 272, 277, 280, vs. 96, (171); value judgments, 102; type, 19, 36;
psychological attitude, 105; contemporary marriage, 199; Jungian individuation
process, 262; unconscious, (123), see innate ideas (vs. archetypes), myths,
mood; cf. Hillman, (178, 203, 280); cf. collective unconscious, unconscious,
hero, myth, individuation-uniqueness
just-in-time, 165-166; cf.
inventory model
justice, 123; cf. law, democracy
Kant, 43-44, 70, 87, 106-107, 109-111,
147, 156, 158, 170, 172, 194, 242-243; vs. religion, 242; vs. Leibnizian IS,
144; transcendental dialectic, 170, 172; and Leibniz and Locke, 144; move from
to Hegelian I.S., 265
kill maximizer, 93; cf. weapon, 73
killer application, (112)
kinematics, 128, 134-135, 137, 197; and
arithmetic and geometry, 197
knowledge, 8-10, 12, 17, 25, 54, 55,
62, 95, 153-155, 189, 200, 203, 233, 276; intuitive, 25; practical, 5,
11, 13, 18; personal-tacit (cf. heuristic), 101-102, 107, 154; of reality, 204;
of science, 200; and love, 203; knowledge engineering or elicitation, 82-84,
87, 93, 138; as value, 95, 200; value of, 203; as power, 200; as reality and
action vs. illusion, 204; representation, 137; practical, 191;
systematization of, 117; vs. politics, 112, 122; striving for, 267; cf.
knowledge representation, data, information, tacit knowledge, knwoledge
management, wisdom, politics
knowledge management, 62, 74-75, 117;
cf. navigation, inquiring systems (passin the whole book), knowledge,
management
Kuhn-paradigm, (199)
labelling of inputs, 110, 117
laboratory accuracy, 198
labour unions (MBL-participation), 233
labyrinth, 144
Langefors, B., (THAIS & systems
precedence analysis) 20, 24, 35, 38, 41, 45, 49, 51, 54-55, 63-64,
72-73, 77, 84, 96, 98, 101, 104, 105-106, 118, 130, 134, 136,
139, 161, (166), 171, 177, 186, 189, 191, 195,
224, 236, 243, 249, 253, 256, 259, 270, 275 (ADB)
language, 102, 104-105,
107, 116, 123-125, (139), 142-143, 145, 148-149, 171,
186, 189, 195, 201-202; language input, 105, 107, 123 (SAF);
empirical, 125; common, 105; of empiricism and inductive mood,
202; of learning, 201-202: of measurement, 186; of communication, 124; and
action: cf. action; passage from is to ought, 103, 105, 115, 202; language
games, (105); of doubt, 109, 114; of science, 102; metalanguage and
object language, 161; linguistic forms, 145; cf. communication,
conversation, illocutory forces, perlocutory forces, dictionary
law, 74-75, 106, 108, 123, 175,
193, 198, 204, 256; penalty of, 161; law procedures, 106; as analysis of
disagreements or politics, 193; and scientific law (Cranberg), 75, 198; and
democracy, 123; cf. justice, democracy, Thomas A. Cowan
leadership, 196, 200; cf. management,
decision maker, heroes
learning, 17, 56-57, 101, 108,
131, 145-146, 148-149, 173-176, 184, 201, 228,
230-236, 268-269; learning (information system) vs. organizational activities, 56;
as generalization, 108; objective, 149; as improvement, 153;
meaning of, 131; dialectical, 180; as education, 267-268; as
objectivity, (145); and experimenters, 235; and instruction, 103; and
implementation, 235; in science, 228; in society, 228; computer's, 131;
expression or language of, 201-202; as generalization, 108, 111; vs. tacit
silent knowledge, 149; styles of learning or of inquiry, chaps. 2 to 10;
dynamic, 112; about reality, 146; and education, 159-160; as
psychic development, 171; learning systems, 56; by experience, 131; cf.
intelligence, knowledge, generalization, induction, flexibility, progress,
cooperation, improvement, insight, reason vs. intellect, trial and error,
education, experience, understanding, inquiry, sweep in, objectivity, debate,
change, revision, generalization, solution, stooge
Lebenswelt; as living reality and
conviction: cf. life world, phenomenology
legal, judicial structure, 123
legitimation, cf. authority, 163-164,
167
Leibnizian inquirers, 36, 62, 66, 69-72,
108, 145, 147, (164), 170, 176, 197; and Lockean, 230; and Kantian
inquirers, 144; generalization of, 197; and Lockean inquirers, 36, 230; and
faith, 242; and unconscious, 265; Leibnizian science, 39-40; Leibnizian formal
systems, 30-32, 136
length, measure of, 152, 188
Lenin (Stalin), 253
levels, 11, 74, 76, 77, 91,
113-114, 153, 174, (204); of detail, refinement, 190, 192; of authority or
hierarchy, 76; cf. meta-, hierarchy, organizational
liberalism, 4, 68; cf. pluralism, chap.
(5) passim
libraries, 9, 11, 15, 61-62, 101, 117,
120-121, 128, 267; Alexandrian, 117; cf. data base, Internet
life, 157, 173, 249, 258; cf. biology,
blood, phenomenology
life world, 171-2; cf. phenomenology
light velocity, 200
likeness, 101, 191; cf. identification,
comparison, sameness, identification
limit (ideal), 257; cf. environment
limits, 73
Lindblom, C.E., 65-66, (228), 281
linear programming, 67
linearity; cf. logic, time, history,
Leibnizian IS, vs. hypermedia
links; cf. networks, chap. (2)
literature, 170; cf. drama
living reality and conviction, 171-172
living systems, 39, 41
Locke, J., 154, 169, 180, 183;
chap. 5, passim; Lockean IS vs. Leibnizian, 111, 116, 122, 230, 235, 242
Lockean, young investigator, example,
121
log across the road example, information
vs. action, 164; cf. rock on the road, 114-115; cf. radarscope speck, 124
logic, 6, 13, 24, 29-30, 37, 60,
70, 81, 83, 85, 92, (94), 102-103, (105), 108, (110), 113,
123-124, 134, 145, 160-161, 170, 192, 195, 198;
symbolic, 6; reconstructed 195, 197-198, 215, 240; inductive, 123; as
probability, 113; transcendental, 145; as sociology, 198; Hegelian, 70;
predicate calculus, 108; beyond logic, 192; logical forms and classes,
108; inbuilt, 108; and contradiction, 70; cf. Leibnizian inquiring
systems passim
logical empiricism, cf. logical
positivism
logical positivism, 134; logical
empiricism, 159-160, 166; as inductive logic, 123; cf.
"positivism"
logical reconstruction, 13, 195
logical tests, 37
love, 24, 28, (70), (119), (160), (169),
238, 243, 246, 255, 258, 264, 266 and knowledge, 203; as agreement, 119; as
cooperation, 200; cf. cooperation, enemy, trust, beauty
machines, 23, 39, 43-45; cf. mechanism,
technology
macro, 44
magic square, 142-143
majority, vote, 105, 112; cf. democracy
management
information system, cf. system, Singerian IS, hypersystem
management, 74, (148), 158, 163,
181, 196, 200, 227; as self-consciousness and self-reflection, 158; as science,
74; and information, 163; and delegation of authority, 163; fads,
92; of service, 185; and art, social science and physics, 93; and
authority, 163-164, 167; cf. implementation, leadership, performance,
metadesigner, self-consciousness, self-reflection, authority, control,
cybernetics, knowledge management
manufacturing, 53-54, 92-93, 166-167;
cf. production
market, as non-separability, 67, 133, 167;
marketing as advertising, 167; cf. pluralism, sales, demand
Mars, unmanned space laboratory on, 91
marxism, 18, 91-92, 99!, 97 (=Riley), 119 (misunderstanding), 153,
(174-175), 184 (participatory); cf. communism, Lenin,
economics-politics-participation-implementation, MBL
Mason, R.O., 180-181, 184, 284
master, and slave, 160; as servant, 168
materialism; cf. reality
mathematics, 26, 94, 112-113, 125, 136,
139-140, 142, 192, 195; mathematical logic, (197); arithmetic, logic
matrices, 125; number 142
maturation or
"mognadsprocess", cf. evolution, improvement, learning, progress
MBL medbestmmandelagen (participation
act), cf. Hegelian IS, 159-177; implementation, politics
Mead, G.H., (106)
meaning, 9, 28, 30-31, 33, 70, 80, 95,
102, 104, 115, 137, 140, 157-158, 161, 174, 198,
203; grounds for, 70; of experience, 70; teleological, 171;
interpretive, (95); of variation, 193; as expression of information, 137;
significant data, 84; creation of, see Weltanschauung; cf. understanding,
learning, significance, interpretation, explanation, why, semantic,
implementation, evaluation, reflection, intepretive approach
means, 5, 45, 73, 140, 163, 256;
means-ends distinction, 43-46, 269-271; cf. tool, instrument,
action, goal
measurement, 112, 152, 186-205,
257; social, 187-190, 193; and observation, 110, 187; operational, 187;
analysis of variance in, 193; a priori in, 194; authority of, 196; control of,
196; scale, 85-86, calibration of, 191-192; of length, 152, 188; infinite
regress in, 188; in Kant's problem, 194; in a Lockean community, 187,
189; parsimony of (cf. sawmill), 196; partitioning in, 86, 192-193; of
performance, 43, 47, 50, 80, 90, 189, 200; readings and replications,
190-192; of science, 200; and simplicity, 188; standards in, 186, 188,
189; sweeping-in, 197; systems, 187-189; units in, 186-189; and utility, 189;
of performance, 50-53, 188-189; physical vs. social, 187; economic, 189-190;
arbitrariness of unit of, 189; value of, 190; as metric for weighing of
end-products (expected value), 46; as readings, 191, 193; cf. data, instrument,
quantification, classification, bias
mechanics, 59, 132, 136, 197; Galilei's,
132; quantum, 197; cf. morphology, function, physical science
mechanism, 132, 160-161, 168; as
imagery, 209-210; mechanist information, 160; cf. structure, function,
morphology, determinism
meditation, cf. (prayer)
medicine, 51, 223, 256
memory, 6, 100-101, 157; cf. data base
mental models, 153-154, 156-161;
mental states, 156-157; cf. representation, perspective, virtuality, model
message, 118, 136, 144, 159-160; of
information-data, 144; cf. information
meta- (cf. levels), 17, 76, 153, 169,
183, 263; cf. hierarchy, metadesigner
metadesigner, 148; as observer of the
subject, 158; as perfect over-observer, 191, (193-194); as overviewer, 235; cf.
self-consciousness, self-reflection, manager
metalanguage, 161
metaphor; 93-94, 141, 143,
147-148; as biased mode of representation, 138-139, 141, cf. analogy
metaphysical, 122; cf. ontology
method, 5, 13, 60-63, 72,
91-92, 113, 115-116, 132, 137, 143, 149, 152, 154, 171, 192,
195, 274-275; scientific, 60-63, 113, 115, 154, 190-196;
vs. uniqueness, 205; and solution, 143; qualitative, 192-193;
resistance to, 92, 171; observational-inductive, 115; of proof, (195); trendy,
92; vs. theory, 132; as input structure vs. theory, 137; critique of
logical, 195; and science vs. politics, 60; resistance against the
methodical, 92; problematic, 143; of measurement, 152;
cf. science, scientific method, research, solution, logical reconstruction,
replication, generalization; dialectics, ethnographic method
metric, of expected value, 45-46; cf.
measurement
metrology, chap. (9), 186ff; cf.
measurement
Michaelson-Morley experiment, 135
microbiology, 116
military, intelligence, 97-98, 118-119,
124, 161; cf. strategy, tactics, executive intelligence
Mill, J.S., 113
Miller J.A. (general systems), 41
mind, 6, 23, 39, 41, 87, 93,
97, 150-151, 197, 261; reflective, 27, 155; state of mind, 156-157; absolute,
174, 178; constructive, 172-174, supreme objective 174, 176-177; collective,
70, 162, 194, 196; group mind, 68, 197; community of minds, 97; as brain, 161;
psychic development of, 171; reality of or models of, 151; system as mind, 93;
cf. introspection, absolute mind, intelligence-intellect, soul, brain,
artificial intelligence
minimal apriori,
125; cf. apriori
mirage, 157; cf.
virtual
MIS, cf. management information system
mobile Internet (ubiquitous computing):
representation in, 134-137; as adjustment of readings in time and space, 195-196;
problems of identification and individuation, 37; as distance work, 13; cf.
communication, inventory model, distributed intelligence, individuation,
identification
modalities of propositions, cf. moods
modalities of thought, and of systems,
197-199; cf. disciplines, sweep-in, apperception
model, 51, 133, 142-144,
147-148, 165; model building, 147, 165-166; input model, 140, 142-143,
147-148; normative, 133, mental, 99, 103-106, 154, 156-161; cf. user
model, mental model, system, simulation, image, perspective
modernism; cf. progress, optimism,
enlightenment, postmodernism
modus tollens, 40
mognad, cf. maturation
molecular structure, in mass
spectrometry, 81
molecular biology, 197; cf. biology
monad, Leibnizian, 30, 35-36, 39,
41, 75, 77, 93, (162), (168), 212
monism, 67-68, 71; cf. pluralism, PPB
monitoring; cf. control, management
monkey brain (example), 23
mother; archetype of the Great Mother,
244; cf. archetype
mood or modalities of propositions
(indicative, imperative, counterfactual conditional, interrogative), 102; cf.
indicative, imperative
mood, 173, 182, 202-204, 205; cf.
attitude, feeling, hero, Jung, Hillman, indicative mood
morality, 24, 200, 202; and expertise,
163; vs. benefit, 250; and design, 249; and information, 163; in Kant, 255; cf.
ethics
morphological class, 44, 214; cf. function
mother; nature), 238; and quarreling sons example, 174
motive, good reason, 181; cf. cause,
teleology, goal-objective
multidisciplinary research, 74; cf.
interdisciplinarity, inquiring systems passim
multimedia, cf. sensation, system,
hypermedia, postmodernism, anti teleology, ateleology, Leibnizian IS, fact
nets, hypermedia, hypertext, World Wide Web; as Lockean "five modes of
sensation", 100
multimodal inquiry, 196-198; systems
thinking, 75-76; cf. sweeping-in, transdisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity,
apperception, aspects, perspectives; Herman Dooyeweerd, Donald De Raadt
multiperspective approach; cf.
sweeping-in
mysticism, (58), 237, 249, 252, 265; cf.
unconscious, intuition
myth, (96), 178, 203-204, 243-244,
245n; progress as, 178; cf. narrative, drama, epos, hero, Jung, fantasy,
imagination
narrative, 32, 174-177-178,
180; as epic, 174, 176-178, 182, 270; as story telling, drama, 177-178; and
accuracy, 178; vs. science, 178; as stories of the world, 32; cf. discourse,
Weltanschauung, conversation, play, theater, epic, metaphor, myth, drama, Jung,
story, postmodernism
NASA, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, viii-ix, 91; cf. space mission; Mars, and whole book, passim
natural image, 191, 194-195,
197-198; cf. Weltanschauung, world
nature, 238, 260, 268, 275, 276;
natural science, 159, 209-212
navigation, in library (also as Internet
analogy), 62, 117, 121; as visual recognition, 142; as input structuration,
142; as art, 93-94; cf. retrieval of information, space-time, representation,
solution, knowledge management
need, vs. demand, 166-167; cf. purpose
negotiation, 174; vs. authorization,
196; cf. arbitrator, agreement, debate, bargaining, conflict, facilitator
network, 9, 104, 108, 111, 196; as
network organization, 196, 200 and cf. centralization,
decentralization; cf. hypermedia, anti teleology, ateleology, tree, Leibnizian
inquiring system (chap. 3 and fact nets), Internet, World-Wide-Web, actor
network ANT
neural nets, as induction machines 26;
119, 156; as induction from observation, 87, 123-124; cf. Lockean IS,
learning, intelligence, artificial intelligence
neuro-science, 75, 156-157
news, cf. attention
Newton, I., 204
Newton-syndrome, 19, 64, 69, 123
Newtonian mechanics, 136
node; cf. object (chap. 5), network (chap.
2)
nominalism, as conventionalism, 72
nomos, laws in Greek, 80
nonconventional, 119; cf. conventional
nonlinearity; cf. system, hypermedia,
hypersystem, postmodernism, debate, browsing
normal observer, 101; cf. competence
normative models, vs. descriptive, 133; ; cf. imperative mood, ought, is-ought, action, ethics
notitia, cf. attention
nourishment, cf. cookery
nuclear physics, 116
number matrices, 142
numerical analysis, (140)
object orientation, 149, 160, 166; as mechanical
information, 159
object, 11, 70, 72, 82, 104,
124, 131, 149, 160, 162, 192, 196, 255, (274); definition of,
109; as entity, 106; as identification-individuation, 128; vs. measurement of,
191, 196; orientation, 106, 160; subject as, 150, 156; object
language, 161; teleological object: cf. implementation
objectivity, 63, 70, 71, 114, 118-119, 125,
145-146, 149, 166, 157-158, 175; and reality, 146,
158; of Lockean inquirers, 125; as design separability, 54;
objective learning, 149; as agreement, 150; and debate, 162, 175;
cf. learning, absolute mind, truth, reality, otherness
observation, 40, 60-61, 87, 96-97, 102,
110, 112-113, 115, 119, 122, 125, 138-139, 146, 149-150, 153,
159, 166, 168, 189-191, 198; observational process, 97; design
of, 119; what to observe and teleological information, 166; direct, 154;
participant, 159-160, 184; accuracy of, 154; reporting of, 157; as a reading,
190-191; participant, 156; and adjustment of readings, 195; and hypotheses, 193-194;
directing an observation, 112-113; history of, 191; adjusting observations,
194-196, perfect observer, 111-112; and measurement, 110, 187; inference from,
87, 152; independent, 191; cf. input, sensation, perception, attention,
measurement, perfect observer; counter-instance, ethnographic method
observer, 6, 40, 101, 106, 146,
150-151, 153, 159; as user, 156, independence of, 191-192; of an
observer, 146-147, 150-151, 158, 172, 235; representation, 159; as a synthesis,
173; perfect or normal, 40, 101, 111, 150-153, 159, 191; training of, 198;
neutral facilitator, 159; observed as an object, 150; designer
as, 150; over-observer: cf. metadesigner, manager, aspect,
perspective
obsolescence, of inventory, 165; cf.
(Swedish) lager inkurans
obviousness, 98
Ockham's razor, 72, 138
ontological transformations, as maximal
apriori, 138-144
ontology, 28, 34, 69, 76, 144-147,
160; ontological commitment or assumptions, 144-145, 191-192;
as existence, 69, 72, 76, 78; and epistemology, 76; in pragmatic
sense, 78; essences, 28; ontological status of sense impressions, 72; in the
improper sense of predication, (103); cf. reality, assumptions, essence,
existence, interpretive, phenomenology, ontological transformations,
virtuality, metaphysics
operationism and operational
definitions, (115), 153, 186-188
operations research, 166
operating system, cf. executive
opinion poll, 170-171, 183-184
opinion, 114, 154, 162, 184; opinion
survey, 106, 184: cf. subjectivity, conviction
opportunity cost, 165, 167-168, 170; cf.
cost
opposition, 173; cf. conflict
oppression, 163; cf. alienation, power
optical character recognition, OCR, 26
optimism, 202; self-awareness,
production-cooperation-progress, 178, 186
optimization, 67, 94, 152; 171,
182; and satisficing, 51; as maximization of utility, 263; cf.
satisfactoriness, improvisation
ordering, 152, 155, 192; cf.
ranking
ordinality and cardinality, in
measurement, 152; cf. preferences
organism, 197; cf. biology
organization, 72, 77, 97; theory, 72,
77; studies, 133, 170-171; and standard costs, 66; study of, 170-171; of
knowledge, 97; and information system, 121; social, 97; network
or horizontal, 196, 200; organizational behavior, 133; cf. system
passim
original, cf. individuation, uniqueness,
replication
otherness, 104, 151, 158, (161),
177; cf. uniqueness,objectivity, identification,
diversity, difference, sameness, introspection
ought, 52, 74, 133, 195, 201; and
how-what, 195; cf. ethics, is-ought, imperative, normativity
outliers, statistical, (111-112), 194
output, vs. input, 137; cf. input
outsourcing, 165-167
overviewer, 235; cf. metadesigner
owner, of problem, 146
paradigm, 15, 39-40, 85, 111-113,
194, (198), 199; paradigmatic science, 39; cf. culture, scientific paradigm as
style of inquiry
paradox 135; systems analysis', 217;
255; of teleological information, 164
Pareto-optimality, 152
parsimony, 72, 138, 196; design of, 134,
138; and economy, 124, 141; in measurement (cf. sawmill), 196; in
generalization, 84-90, 114; cf. simplicity, economy, richness
parsing, 20, 30, 34, 36, 81, 142-143,
147
part, of system, 50, 56; cf.
subsystem, component
parti, such as basic general scheme of
an architectural design, as generation of a conviction, 171; as an apriori, 143;
as hypothesis creation in design, 116; cf. reflective intuition, imagination,
design
participation, 196, 201, 250;
and hierarchy, 77; participant observation, 159-160, 184; lack
of, 159; cf. MBL, dialectics, democracy, implementation, cooperation, politics
particular, vs. the general: cf.
implementation, action, situated action; cf. generalization, judgment
partitioning, 85-87, 112, 175, 190,
192-194; cf. precision, interpolation, disagreement
passion, 171-173; cf. conviction
past-future, 110, 153, 160, 166;
history, 166; unchangeability of, 160; cf. history, forecast, prediction, time
past generations, 160-161, 201; cf.
history, time
path, 140
pattern, 5, 27, 26, 100, 123-124,
126, 138-140, 150, 173; recognition, 94, 100, 124-125, 140, 142, 150;
cf. image, optical character recognition
peace, 71, 173-174, (188); cf.
cooperation, conflict
peer review, 15, 35, 101ff, 162,
221; hearings, 272; as collective subjectivity 58-59; cf. expert,
agreement, consensus
Peirce, C.S., (187), cf. pragmatism
perception, 26, 30, 75, 103, 112, 123,
138-139, 142, 144, 155; selective, 171; as interpretation of sensation, 194;
vs. sensation, 125; cf. sensation, observation
perfect observer, 40, 111-112, 150-153,
159, 191; cf. observer, politics of science
perfection, 73; cf. quality,
completeness
performance, 91; of standard, 188-189;
cf. measurement, purpose, function and functionality, evaluation, cost-benefit
perlocutory forces; cf. pragmatism
personal knowledge, 150-151, 153-154,
173; cf. tacit knowledge, silent knowledge, community knowledge
perspective, 75, 111, 118,
125-127, 139, 142-144, 149, 153, 155, 158-159, 168-169, 170-172,
174, 175-177, 183, 194, 198; teleological, 168; narrow or broad,
174; as state of mind, 156-159; transperspectivism, 75; as psychological attitude,
105; as ways of looking, 159; as conviction, 172; as structuration of inputs, 142;
vs. truth, 143-144; and world-view or natural image, 194, 196; as
apperception, 73-75; as input strategy of an a priori, 137-145; as Singerian
natural image, 191, 194; ; as imageries of nature, 191,
194-195, 209-212; cf. aspect, Weltanschauung, apriori,
apperception, (point of) view, observation, model, (Kantian) representation,
impression, interpretation, opinion, system
PERT program evaluation and review
technique, and CPM critical path method, as project management, 92-93
phenomenal-phenomenology (cf.
ateleology), 139, 151, 157, 158; phenomenal world, 138-139
phenomenological approach, 144-145,
151, 153-155, 158-159, 177, 257; and truth, 257;
cf. interpretive approach, hermeneutics, Lebenswelt
phenomenon, 139; cf. event, observation,
reality
philosophy, of science and language,
195; and passim
photographical plate, scratches on
(example), 137
psychic development, 170-171
physical science, 116, 137, 192,
197-198, 210; and art, management and social science, 93; geometries of
physicists, 137; physic's data, 137; cf. Newton, Galilei, Newtonian mechanics,
relativity theory
Piaget, J., 102
picture, 20, 151; of alternative actions
or Weltanschauung, 169; rich picture, 71-72; cf. image, vision, pattern
planner, cf. designer
planning, 48, 67, 74, 77; dialectic,
180; difficulty of, and design, 153; cf. design, management, hierarchy
Plato, 18, 36, 41n, 67, 78, (139); on
memory and recognition, (101); and pre-Socratic 41; Platonism, 41n
plausibility, 171
play, 125, 138-139, 203-204, 235, 241,
254; cf. drama, gambling, game, humor, narrative, epic, myth
pluralism, 25, 68, 71-73, 78,
92-93, 105, 111; as plurality, 105; and diversity, 204; cf. agreement,
democracy, monism, pluralism, relativism, liberalism, values, actor network,
polytheism, postmodernism, chap (5) and chap. (7) passim
Poincar, 28
point of view, 75; cf. perspective
policy, of research, 122; cf. strategy
political science, 59-60
politics, 58-60, 68-78 esp. 74, 106,
119-120, 122-123, 172-173, 184-185, 193-194,
200, 217, 220, 222-225; 270; and scientific method, 60-61;
and subjectivity, 120; and information, 122; vs. knowledge or
science, 112, 122, 247; as analysis of disagreement, 193; and
implementation, 66, 233; and the state, 204; inquiry of, 58-59, 217, 247; as
myths, 96; as incrementalism, 66; political consciousness, 184-185; of research
or science, 88, 122, 180-181; of science, 58-59, 111, 122,
180-181, 193-194; and cost of empirical research, 120;
cf. agreement, disagreement, general will, pluralism, democracy, power,
cooperation, conflict
pollution, 144, 202; cf. ecology
Polya, 28
polytheism, 73
Popper, K., (136), (199); cf.
validation, error
popular science, 8, 271
positivism, 51, 60-61, 81, 102, 108,
110, 114-115, 119-120, 122-123, 125, 129, 132-134, 142, 145-146; 160-161, 164,
195, 197-198; logical, 134, 160, 195; in evolutionary development, 63; as
inductive logic, 110, 123; logical, 159; cf. agreement,
conventional, logical positivism, database
possibility, 161
postmodernism, 32, (36), 40, 49,
68, (71), (95), (168), 170, (177), 178, 187, 189, (196), 203-204,
217, 276; as progress-process, 40-41, 203-205; as anti thinking, 177-178, 255;
as subjectivism, 153; as process, 203-204; cf. anti-thinking,
anti teleology, anti-planning, ateleology, romanticism, pluralism, antinomy,
relativism, skepticism, subjectivity hypermedia, multimedia, progress vs.
process, sensation (as surrogate of feeling), feeling, unconscious, narrative
or epic
poverty, 144, 178, 181-182
power, 6, 58-59, 68, 73, 112,
119-120, 160-161, 185, 196, 216-217, 219ff, 232-236; as enabling value, 200;
as value and ethics 73, 200; of a central agency, 68; as cooperation, 200; as
centralization, 68; veto power, 111-112; cf. politics, cooperation, agreement,
oppression, alienation, monism, pluralism, democracy, authority, responsibility
PPB (program planning and budgeting),
67, 92-93, 226; cf. systems planning,
monism, strategic-tactical
practice, 13, 166-167, 225; community
of, 167; practice-praxis, 171; practical knowledge, 191; work practice, 166;
cf. reality, pragmatism, empiricism
practitioner, reflective, 155; cf.
implementation, practice
praxis, 166
pragmatism, 11, 120-122, 168,
225; as making a difference, 164; in research politics, 122; cf. Dewey, J.,
James, W.
prayer, 243; cf. religion, faith
precedence (cf. Langefors), 134
precision, 175, 196; as refinement, 86, 190-191,
196; cf. accuracy, partitioning, Ivanov (project AVH quality)
predicate calculus, 108
predication, 86, 103-106, 201
prediction, 110, 131, 153, 165; cf.
forecast, regularity, causality, purpose
preferences, 152, 155; cf. ranking
prejudice, 159; cf. apriori
preparedness, 170
presuppositions, 110, 124, 131, 133,
141, 184, 190; background presuppositions, 125; cf. assumptions, a priori
primitives, vs. logic, 198
price, 67
pricing, and advertising, 167
priority, of purposes, 73
privacy, 123, 151, 155, 161,
(162), 173, 178, (220); cf. Ivanov (project SAF)
private knowledge, cf. personal knowledge
probability 32, 45, 105, 108-109,
113, 153, 201, 211, 214, 252; subjective vs. objective,
153; cf. risk, uncertainty, random, statistics, and logic of
problem, 146; social 181;
and the a priori, 138; of representation, 125; formulation, 146, 171, 195;
solution, 138, 146, 254; solving machines, 38-39; problem owner, 146; cf.
representation, learning, input, solution, method
process; endless, 199; vs. progress,
203-205; inner, 107; cf. change, action, function, progress, postmodernism,
ateleology, anti teleology
producer-product, 8, 44-46, 51;
potential, 44-45, 4; inquiry as production, 141
product, vs. service, 185
production, industrial manufacturing,
53-54; cf. manufacturing
production, inquiry as, 141
production-science-cooperation trilogy,
202; and progress, 203
productivity, 137; cf. efficiency,
effectiveness, parsimony, measure of performance
professions, 74
professors and dissenting students
(example), 199
profit, 124, 167; cf. cost and benefit,
measure of performance
program 6, 103, 126; as a system, 90-91,
as Leibnizian processors, 30-32; as project management, 92-93; as instruction,
103, 115; vs. database, 202; and data 102-103; cf. PPB,
imperative, is-ought
progress, 39-40, 153, 175-178-179,
186-205, 201-204, 229, 245, 248, 254; measure of, 189; defined as
client, decision maker, and designer are the same, 201; in monism, 71; as myth,
178; vs. process, 203-204; progression of sciences, 39, 198; as
adjustment of changing object, 196; as revolution of counter-theories, 199;
non-linear, 202-203; cf. absolute mind, optimism, change, postmodernism,
learning
project management, 92-93; cf. PPB, PERT
proof, 195; vs. discovery, 195; cf.
validity, verification
property, 78, 99-100, 108; maximum, 34,
73; of object, 150; cf. attribute, predicate, partitioning
prototype, cf. simulation, hypothesis,
thesis, test, model, grov bild - coarse picture, vs. skarp milj
psi, stands for psychology
psychic development, 171
psychoanalytic knowledge, (97), 155
psychology (psi), 75, 103, 133, 155-157,
160, 197, 204-205; as attitude, 105; and religion, 265; cf. mind, sensation,
perception, emotion, feeling, conscious, unconscious
Ptolemaic theory, 196; cf. Copernican
revolution, astronomy, apriori
public 176-177, 180-183; well-informed
citizen, 176-177, 269; as community knowledge, 154; cf. democracy
public opinion, 162-163, 176
purpose, 5, 46-47, 69, 71, 73, 88, 163,
(171), 214, 226, 246, 250; cf. teleology, end, goals, objectives, will,
desire
puzzle, 139, 143; cf. problem, solution
qualitative method, 113, 115, 120-121,
138, 152, 192-193, 255; as
empiricism, 113-114; vs. quantitative, 152; cf. ethnographic
studies, measurement, quality, quantification, descriptive, interviews
quality, 12, 65, 73, 146, (165),
192-194, 266; as value, 190; (total) quality control, 65, 165, 193-196;
as reliability of data, 10, 84; cf. total quality management, evaluation,
improvement, learning, evaluation, quantity, tolerance, satisfactoriness,
perfection, completeness
quantification, quantitative method,
112-113, 192-193; cf. measurement
quantum mechanics, 197; cf. physical
science
questioning, 87; cf. explanation,
interpretation, understanding, why, interview
qui custodiet custodium, 135; cf.
watchdog
radarscope, speck on, 124
rain today (example) 31-32
random, 120, 199, 211, 252-253; cf. probability,
statistics
ranking, 46; of entities, 73; of
preferences, 152; cf. ordering; net ranking
rational (cf. reason), 62-64, 69, 96,
170, 256, 258, 260
rationale, cf. evidence, commitment,
explanation, understanding, proof
rationalism, 40-41, 70, 96
rationality; and reality, 176-177; cf.
inquiry passim, reason, truth, Weltanschauung, perspective, aspect,
privacy, public, pluralism, personal knowledge
raw data, 99, 137; cf. basic data
reaction, 43-46, 118, 159, 164, 168;
cf. stimulus, action, response, interaction
reaction-response,159, 168; cf.
action-activity
reaction-time, of observers, 197; cf.
Bessel
reactionary, 17, 173, 204; cf.
conservative
readings, 191, 193; cf. measurement
real, realism, and ideal-idealism, 19,
35, 178, 199; common sense, 19
reality, 13, 41, 68-69, 72, 76,
78, 90, (96), 97-98, 122-123, 128, 139, 146,
148, 151, 157-158-160, 175, 178,
183-184, 186, 189-190-191, 196, 199, 204;
social, 183; as agreement, 191; as corresponce, 160; representation of, 176; of
knowledge, 204; of inputs, 123; three images-visions, 213; of
whole systems, 68-69, 76; living reality, intervention and participation
in, 171-172, 183; database as image of, 160; as ontological commitment, 191; as
realistic problem solving, 143; of the mind, 151; vs. illusion, 204; cf. truth,
ontology, objectivity, Weltanschauung, virtuality, virtual reality, empiricism
reason, unconstrained, 170, 172; good
reason or motive, 181; cf. thinking
reception of information, 100, 106-107,
128; cf. input, data collection
receptivity, 145
recognition, 101-102, 107, 125, 138, 145;
cf. reflection, cognition
recurrence-recursivity (cf. infinite
regress, vicious circle, self-reference), 178, 188
recursive, 25, 169, 199; as infinite
regress, 168, 178, 188; as endless process, 199; in experiments, 132, 135;
recursive property of intuition, 25; cf. regression, vicious circle
redefining of terms (cf. translation),
105
reductio ad absurdum, 136
reductionism, 75, 161
redundancy, 161
reengineering, workflow, 14, 52,
124, 141, 165-167, 174; as revision of apriori,
194-195; as management fad, 92-93; cf. coconstruction, evolution; redesign,
247; as system reconstruction, 67; cf. downsizing, change, incrementalism, cost
reduction, action, activity, revision, management information systems MIS
refinement, 87, 190, 191, 192;
cf. partitioning, detail, precision, accuracy, reliability, rough picture,
grov bild, approximation, classification
reflection, 17, 22, 28, 30, 100, 107,
(112), 148, 155, 238; a priori, 129; in Lockean IS, 100, 107;
self-reflection, 158; reflective intuition, 107; in action, 155; cf.
self-examination, self-reflection, meaning, trial and error
reflective practitioner, 155; cf.
self-reflection, management, action, separability; cf. Schn, D.
refutation, 149; cf. confirmation, doubt
region, cf. subsystem parts or
components in chap. 3
regularity, 110; cf. replication,
forecast, causality
relation, 50
relational logic, 34; cf. entity
relationship
relativism, (95), 136, (144)-145, (196), 203-204;
against relativism, 174, 276; cf. postmodernism, perspectives, aspects,
virtuality, anti-thinking
relativity, special theory of, 136
relevance, 32, 84-85, 88, 98,
125-126, 138, 142, 165, 167, 171-172, 175; of information, 171; of
input, 142; cf. attention, accuracy
reliability of data or information, 84,
97, 109, 113, 156, 160, 162; cf. accuracy, precision, quality, credibility
religion, 34, (40), vs. 70, 96, 98, 155,
163, 171, 172, 174, 176-177, 205, 237-238,
244, 249, 251; and theodicy, 36; and inquiring system, 264; and psychology,
265; and authority, 196; imagery of, 243; of inquiring systems, 237-246; and
science, 219, 229, 237, 239; cf. God, Church, ethics,
theology, hope, faith, trust, guarantor
repertoire, of patterns, 140, 169; of
responses, 197; of experience, 170; as catalogue of opportunities, 197-198; cf.
system, resources, database, classification, types, archetypes, metaphors
repetition, cf. replication
replication, 154, 132, 190-192, 198-199,
235, 255; of observations, 85; cf. precision, experiment, method, regularity,
forecast, (duplication)
reporting, of observations, 157; cf.
data collection
repository, of information; cf. data
base, memory
representation, 116, 125-127,
139, 158-160, chap. 6, passim; mode of, 156-157; cf. mental
model, reality, perspective
requirements, demand, 167
research & development - R&D,
263; dialectics of, 180-184, process, 83, 60-61, 64, 180-181
research, 60-62, 90-91, 190-202;
system politics of, 58-59, 122, 180, basic, 244; as an exploitative term, 221;
and God, 244; interdisciplinary, 198; management of, 74; pure, 120; as a
system, 60, 90; automation of, 115-116; and development R&D, 180; design
of, 91; method of, 91-92, 116; policy or design, 91; cf. science, learning,
scientific method, politics policy
researcher, young, 121; cf. research,
science, designer, planner
resources, 43, 47-48; resource
allocation, 67, 156; resources preferences; cf. cost, input, effectiveness
response-reaction, 157, 159, 164, 168;
cf. activity, action, reaction, interactivity, stimulus
response repertoire, 156-157, 170;
cf. chap. (2) on fact nets, chap. (3) functional and teleological classes,
action, stimulus, teleology
responsibility, 63; cf. autonomy, power
responsiveness, cf. action-response,
Hegelian IS, commitment, vs. alienation
restlessness, 199-200; cf. contentment,
hero, don Juan syndrome, contentment, postmodernism, relativism
retrieval, 121; cf. navigation, data
base
reverse engineering, (171)
revision, 194, 199; as
adjustment, 196; cf. change
revolution, 173, 182, 204; cf.
change, reactionary
rhetoric, (182-184); cf. aesthetics,
drama, narrative, conversation, agreement, conviction
rich; data, 142; description, of data 120,
138, 140; representation of data, 126, 138, 141; design, 143, communication,
122; analogy, 143; of information, 138
rich analogy, 143; cf.
metaphor
richness, of information as
comprehensiveness of picture, 138; of representation, 141
rich solution, 72, 98, 146; synthesis,
182; representation, 141; information, 98; experience, 170; cf. parsimony,
minimal vs maximal apriori
right feeling, (155); cf. feeling,
conviction, aesthetics, romanticism
risk, 124; and uncertainty, 153; cf.
probability, doubt, uncertainty
Rittel, H., 180n
rock on the road example, 114-115
role; cf. actor, designer, planner,
decision-maker, client, human dimension, social
Romanticism, 151, (153), 155, 158,
(159), 170-171; 173, 177-178; as anti teleology of the
designer, 249; as neo-romanticism, (203); source of in Kant, 170; as primacy of
the subjective, 151, as action life vs. grey theory, 204; cf. aesthetics,
intuition, feeling, anti teleology, ateleology, feeling, subjectivism
Rousseau, J-J., cf. general will
rules, 22-23, 125-126; of games, 138,
204; rules generating system, 187; no rules, 204; application of partitioning
rule, 193; cf. norms, values
rumour spread, 92
sacrifice, 250
SAF; cf. Ivanov, project SAF
sailing example, and smaller mind, 11
Saint Thomas, of Aquinas, 18
sale, 133, 184-185; sales statistics
forecast, 133; demand, 166; cf. market
same-another, 101, 151; cf.
individuation, identification, likeness
sample estimate, 124
sampling, 85, 88, 111, 124; stratified,
(197); statistical vs. complete count, 85; and completeness of empirical
inquiry, 120, 124; cf. statistics
SAP, as management fad, 93-93; cf.
management information systems MIS
satisfactoriness, satisficing, 24, 51,
64-65, 80-82, 90, 111, 121, 124, 140, 146, 161, 167, 176, 189, 191,
199, 202, 211, 253; as degree of confirmation, 80; as
complacency, 199; cf. accuracy, optimization, solution, measure of
performance, simplicity, tolerance, understanding, politics, negotiation,
improvisation, optimization
savings, and costs, 124,
sawmill example, 166- 167, 187, 189; as simplicity of measurement, 196; cf. generalization,
parsimony
scalar quantity, 86
scenarios, cf. vision, image, simulation,
narrative, hypothesis, thesis
schema, 80
Schn, D., (155); cf. reflection,
self-reflection, action, pragmatism, Dewey, design, trial and error,
ateleology, anti teleology
science, 10, 39, 60,
74-75, 80, 91, 105, 149, 154, 158-159, 192, 195, 197-198, 203,
219, 224 (intern.), 225, 273; political and social aspects of, 122;
politics of, and philosophy or sociology, 58-59, 193-194;
hierarchy or progression of sciences, 197-198; biological social
humanistic behavioral, 210; and religion, 219; as story telling or
narrative, 178; language of, 102; scientific method, 154; esoteric vs.
exoteric, 60; formal, 129; cf. method, replication, research
scientific comunication, 61; research
method
scientific management, 74
scientific method, 13, 72, 85, 112, 116,
154, 195, 268; as design system and politics, 58-61;
cf. method, objectivity, explanation, validation, research, ethnographic
method, qualitative method
scientism, 60
scratches on photographical plate
(example), 137
Searle, cf. action language
search, "engines", 101
security, 73, 161, 173, 204; as
watchdog, 150; of data, 161; cf. guarantor, secrecy, control,
watchdog
self, 151; and fact as alienation
of, 161; cf. interpretive, dialectic
self-analysis, 129, 249, 265
self-consciousness; (129), 151, 158,
186, 194, 213, 236, 241, 243, 249; in agreement, 194; cf. consciousness,
autopoiesis
self.-contradiction, 31; cf.
contradiction
self-control, 196
self-deception, cf. illusion
self-examination, 107; of an apriori,
129; cf. (self)-reflection
self-knowledge, 204
self-reflection, (129), 158, (168), 175;
self-reflective paradox, 148; cf. reflection, self-consciousness,
self-examination, self-analysis
semantics, 9, 10, 21, 30-31, 33, 102,
123, 144-145, 159-161; cf. meaning, object, language,
communication, connotation or intension, denotation or extension, semiotics,
pragmatics and syntax
semiotics, 159-160; logical
syntax vs object semantics vs. use pragmatics, as syntax cf. chap. 2, semantics
cf. chap. 5, pragmatics cf. chap. 7; cf. semantics, object, meaning, individuation,
pragmatism, symbol, observer
sensation, 97, 99-100, 102-103,
105, 119, 128, 131-132, 138-139, 151, 153-155, 158, 194, 261-263, 265;
subjective, 152; vs. perception, 125; intensity of, 152; as surrogate of
feeling (cf. hypermedia), 264-265; cf. perception, feeling, postmodernism, anti
teleology, ateleology
sense; cf. sensation, meaning,
understanding, argumentation, conviction, semantics, design, dialectics (chap.
7); sense data, immediacy of, 155
sensuous intuition, 106, 131, 144-145,
158, 170; vs. cognition, 145; sensuous inputs, 170; cf. perception, sensation,
observation, data
separability, 111, 114, 120, 122,
133, 145-146, 164-165, 167, 177, 224, 270-271; of observational
subsystems, 110, 122-123; of apriori problems, 130; of designer, 146;
cf. components, system, subsystems, hierarchy
service management, 185
set theory, Boolean algebra, 192
sex, 266; cf. love, feelings, biology
shame, 264
Shannon, C., (161)
shift-and-drift or function-creep, 5,
14, 45-46, 51-52, 63, 65, 83, 93,
153, 203, 205; as a function of the designer, 150;
cf. function creep, evolution, trial and error, change, adaptive systems,
flexibility, implementation, sweeping-in, ateleology, situated action,
improvisation, bricolage
significance, of data, 84; level, 112;
of variation, 193; cf. meaning, relevance
silent knowledge, cf. personal
knowledge, tacit knowledge
Simmons, R.F., 26, (71), 281
Simon, H.A., (46),
65, 80, 83, 95-96, 139-140, 153, (176), 253
simplicity, 19-20, 21, 24-25,
29, 37, 72, 96, 99ff, 103-105, 108, 113, 133, 136, 137-140,
141; and clarity, 24; and the a priori, 137; design of, 99; in design, 78; of
formal theory, 96; and generalization, 127; of inputs, 97; in measurement, 188;
of observation, 96; simple systems, 78; as parsimony vs. economy or effectiveness,
138, 141; economic value of, 138-139; cf. clarity-clearness, parsimony,
complexity
simulation, 142; cf, virtual reality,
reality, measurement, virtual
Singer, Jr., E.A., viii, 44, 46, 83,
85-86, 105, 119, (144), 146, 175, 178, 186,
199, 230, 281; vs. Leibniz, 197-198
SIS/RAS, 83, 89, 92, 93, 120-121
situated action, 5; as situational
knowledge, 11; implying a metric to weigh the end-products of outomes, 46; why, 153; in context, see systems;
cf. action, function (functional and teleological classes), Weltanschauung,
implementation, shift-and-drift, improvisation, bricolage
skarp milj, 192; cf. test, reality,
hypothesis, thesis, simulation, picture, prototype, coarse picture
skepticism, 131-132, 134, 152-153; cf.
doubt, improvisation, postmodernism, relativism, Hume
sketching, 20
so-what, 164, 166, 172-173; cf. why-not
social, 5, 8, 14, 97, 101,
104-105, 107, 118, 187, 193; and economics, 124; problems, 181; social science,
151, 181, social measurement, 189-190
social actor, cf. (teleological) entity,
(sub) system, action, teleology
social organization, 97; cf. system
social science, 68; and art, management
and physica, 93
socialism, and fascism, 68
sociology, 120, 197; logic as, 198; of
science, 193
Socratic (pre-), 41 (Anaxagoras)
software, cf. program; software
packages, 116, 118
solipsism, 105, 150-151, 153; cf.
Berkeley
solution, 81, 139-143; 146-148,
150-151, 185, 195, 230-236; and computer, 197; problematic, 143;
impossible in real systems, 143; cf. method, satisfactoriness, problem, stooge,
learning
soul, (204); cf. mind
source, of data, 153
space mission, NASA, 91; space probes
116
space-time, see time-space
specialization, 123, 124-125,
176; cf. expert
spectacles, example, 142
spectrometer, 81ff, 116
speculation, 18; cf. reflection
speech acts; cf. action language, ought,
is-ought, illocutory forces, perlocutory, imperative, (Austin), (Searle),
Habermas
Spinoza, 25, 69, 71-72, 77
spirituality, (204); cf. religion, God,
values, ethics, culture, emotions, intuition, intelligence, mood, conviction,
individual, mind, knowledge, creativity; vs. reality, anti thinking
stability, 191, 196; cf. change
standard deviation, 200n
standards, 6, 11, 40, 112, 110, 186-189,
195-196, 198; as convention, 114; adjustment, 196; as
apriori or mode of receiving information, 137; cf. measurement,
calibration
standpoint, cf. aspect, viewpoint,
attitude, perspective
state government, and politics, 204; cf.
politics
states, of nature ,
cf. morphological classes, 159, 166; of mind, 99-103, 118-119, 151, 153
statistics, 6, (32), 37, (61), 65, (74),
(80), 84-86, 90-93, 105, 109, 110-113-116, 120, 124, 132-133, 134,
153, 161, 183, 188, 192-193, 197, 211-212, 235,
238; likelihood ration, 90; and variances in standard costs, 66; misuse of,
112; outliers in, 111-112; measures of confidence, 111; regression or least
mean squares analysis, 112; sample estimate, 120, 124; statistical experiment,
183-184, 192-194; statistical variance, 193; computerized, 112;
statistical inference, 92; statistical method, 132; statistical correlation vs.
causality, 131; standard deviation, 200n; cf. language of doubt,
hypothesis testing, probability, uncertainty, sampling
stewardship, cf. adaptative, evolution,
learning, revision, reengineering, change
stimulus, -response, 97, 102,
151, 154, 156-157, 159, 163-164, 168; cf. reaction, input-output, black
box
stochastic, cf. random
stock, cf. inventory
stock market, 212
stooge, example and experience of
implementation in education, 230-236
story telling, 178, 180, 270-271;
cf. narrative
strategy, 87, 139-140, 171, 192-196,
202; vs. tactics of science, 195-196; strategy, 183-185; strategic I.S.,
170-171; strategy vs. authority, 196; and agreement, 105; cf. ideals, tactics
stratified sampling, (197)
structure, 45; of information or data,
137; tree structure, 144; cf. morphology, mechanism, determinism
styles, 170, 266; repertoire of, 177; as
form of individual expression, 267-268; styles of inquiry, chaps. 2 to10; cf.
repertoire, paradigm, aesthetics, culture
subject, 106; -object, 158; cf.
inquirer, entity, object
subjective probability, 114
subjectivism and subjectivity, (58), 63,
107, 114-115, 119-120, 151-159, 177, (196), 203-204;
intersubjectivity, 149; subjective sensation, 152; in design, 63;
collective, 58; subjective belief as judgment, 114; of tastes, 266; cf.
objectivity, perspectives, relativism, postmodernism, romanticism, solipsism
substance, 69, 77, 106
subsystems, components, 7-8, 43, 49-60,
67, 77-78, 167; cf. part, component, unit, separability
success, 47, 85, and failure, 139; cf.
evaluation, measure of performance, cost-benefit, ethics, failure
summaries, of inquiring systems, 20-21,
37, 70, 95 chaps. (5)-(10), 111, 118-119, 144, 176-177, 194, 197, 243;
Leibnizian and Lockean compared, 111, 116; Lockean and Kantian apriori
compared, 134; Kant, Leibniz and Locke, 144; this book
supersonic transport SST, 229
support, 4, 6, 13-16; computer support,
115, 116; cf. tool, (co)-producer, change, cooperation
supreme objective mind, 174, 176-177; cf. God
survival-reproduction, 210
sustainability, cf. guarantor
swans, example, 108-109, 111, (123-124)
sweeping -in, 131, 146, 170, 175, 197,
199, 215-216, 253-254, 256-257; as apperception, 75-76; cf. chap. 9 passim,
perspective, aspect, conversation, agreement, conflict, apperception
symbol, 20-21, 30, 171; sequence of,
143; cf. icon, image, sign
symbolic interactionism, (106); cf. Mead
G.H.
symmetry, 139
synaesthesia, 100-102, 106, 118-119; cf.
chap. (5), virtuality
synthesis, 32, 175, 177;
cf. system, agreement,
system, 7, 39-41, 42ff
passim; 43, 167-168, 174-175, 195, 198,
200, 202; definition, 7; as data, 168; size of, 56, 58; systems development,
120; as integration of knowledge, 94; as comprehensive picture from givens,
145; whole system, 71; vs. drama, 178; larger system and components or
subsystems of, 167; Singerian conception of, 195, 198; system
idea, 41; systems theory, chap. (3) passim; cf. general systems theory,
subsystem, component, part, environment, whole, context, narrative, drama,
interdisciplinarity, design, synthesis
system insight, cf. learning,
improvement, understanding, reason vs. intellect, intuition
systems philosopher; 68; cf.
metadesigner
table or desk, example in measurement,
187
tabula rasa, Lockean "blank
tablet", 99-100
tacit knowledge, 18, 21, 25-28,
28, 36, 81, 82-84, 87, 92, 138, 145, 150-153, 175, 177, 178; in
agreement, 194; and knowledge engineering, 83, 87, 88-89-90, 92, 101-102, 107, 116,
118, 137-138-139, 145, 150-153 (Julian Hilton), 154-155,
158; expert, 162; as love-conviction, 171; personal vs. communicative, 173; vs.
learning, 149; explicit alternative design; drama-theater, 256-257; and unique
element in decision, 256; everybody's 268-269; as direct vs. inferential
observation, 153; cf. personal knowledge, public or community knowledge,
expert, heuristics, personal knowledge, silent knowledge, intuition, unconscious
tactics, vs. strategy, 192, 195-196
taste, 24, 266; subjectivity of, 266;
cf. style, aesthetics
tautology, 4, 23, 29, 31, 33, 37, 116, 108,
160-161
taxation, and obsolescence or
deterioration, 166
taxonomy, 108, 159, 186-187, 192;
as distinctions, 270; as dichotomic classification, 159; cf. classification,
coding, definition
technique: cf. method, technology
technology, 7, 15, 23, (41), 44-46,
200; and effectiveness, 202-203; information
technology: as computer; as machines, 23; use of, 46; applied, 58;
innovation and exploration of, 193, 199; exploration or
exploitation as observed by designers, 150; drifting in its use: cf.
shift-and-drift; as conscious attempt to change: cf. design, p. vii et al; as
resource and transformation function: cf. innovation,
action-activity-production, efficiency, productivity, function vs. morphology,
economy; as power-potential: power, knowledge, progress, production; as
change of implication fact-nets, cf. chaps. (2) and (7) passim
teleology, 39, 45, 69, 159,
(160), 163, 168, 210-211, 213, 215, 246; as cost-benefit, 163; of
information, 165; cf. purpose, end, function, will, vs. ateleology, anti
teleology, anti-thinking, relativism, pluralism
terrorism, and war, 162-163, 270; ; terrorist mind, 173-174
test, 109, 136, 149; crucial,
136; hypothesis testing, 192, 196-197; of instrument, 83; of
expertise, 163; neurological or psychological, 156; related to hypothesis, see
hypothesis; cf. control, validity or validation, sharp test (Swedish: skarpa
miljer)
textualization-context, cf. system
Thais, Theoretical Analysis of
Information Systems, cf. Langefors
theater, 178; inquiry as, 203; ref.
Julian Hilton; cf. drama, epic, myth, narrative, play
theology, 24, 33, 36, 40, 68!, 70, 74, 76, cf. God, religion, ethics, morals
theorems, and axioms, 136, 142; cf.
axiom, generalization
theory, 39, 87, 132-133; and input, 137;
vs data, 32-33, vs. observation, 87; theoretical base for certification, 188;
cf. model, conceptual frame
Theseus, 204; cf. hero
thesis, 171-177; cf. hypothesis,
dialectics
thinking, 127, 131, 134, 259-260;
cf. inquiry, design, reason
this book, vii, 4, 9, 16-18, 20,
23, 27, (37), 41, 42, 43, 63, 79, 111, 176-177,
180, (203), (205), 230, 258-259, 274-276
ticktacktoe, example, 125; game of, 142
time, 15, 160-161, 176, 197; time
savings, 81, 91; cf. clock, past, space-time,
history, future
time-space, 37, 40, 106-107, 110, 131,
149, 194; cf. geographical information system GIS
tolerance, 193, 191, 201; as agreement
within a range, 113; cf. satisfactoriness
tool, 83, 86; cf. means, instrument
Toulmin, S.; cf warrant
toothache example, 151-152
topology, 94
total quality management - TQM, 165; cf.
quality
totalitarianism, 4
TQM, cf. total quality management,
quality
trade-off, 47; cf. values
tradition, 39, 87-88, vs. collective
mind, 162-164; cf. fact net or chap. 2 passim, Weltanschauung, history,
past, future generations, ethics, religion
tragedy, 177-178, 203-205;
tragedy-comedy, 177-178; cf. drama, epic
transaction, 133; cf.
event, sale
transcendental, logic,
145
transdisciplinarity,
74-75, 195, 197-198; cf. interdisciplinarity,
multi-modality
transitivity-symmetry,
134, 186
translation, 105, 119, 125, 136; of
inputs, 143; as formal redefinition of terms, 136; cf. interpretation,
hermeneutics
transparency; cf. understanding,
satisfactoriness
tree structure, 100, 104, 144; cf. net
trial and error, 51, 83ff, 139; and
improvisation, 139; cf. learning, (Leibnizian) net ranking, experiment, test,
design, evaluation, change, shift-and-drift
trilogy (cf. optimism),
production-science-cooperation, 202-203; plenty-cooperation-heroic mood, 254;
client-decision maker-designer are the same, 201, 204
triviality, of problem, 139-140; cf.
simplicity
trust, 153, 163-164; as confidence, 111;
vs. suspicion of dialectic within a dialectic, 183; cf. guarantor, warrant,
God, love, friendship, ethics, hope, faith, belief, doubt, religion
truth, 21, 25, 32, 37, 91, 96, 103-104, 118,
174, 257; as accuracy, 63; correspondence theory of, 160-161 and chap (5) passim;
coherence theory of, see chap. (2) passim; intuitive, 25; true estimate,
51; privileged, 39-40; and cost, 91; Internetlike truth, 91; as end point of
process, 37; cf. reality, objectivity, fact, depictive, accuracy
Turing's test, (150)
ubiquitous computing; cf. mobile
Internet, communication
uncertainty, 105, 109, 114, 153, 196,
201, 212; of doubt, 105; blocked out of discourse, 202; cf. risk, probability,
doubt, statistics, conversation killing
unconscious, 28, 120, 123, 203, 244,
264-265, 272; collective, 203; and creativity, 265; input as part
of the, 265; cf. feeling, emotion, anti teleology, ateleology,
postmodernism, intuition, Jung, myth
understanding, 4, 49, 72, 75, 104, 198,
203; and compassion 11; cf. explanation, meaning, reason, agreement,
learning, satisfactoriness, interpretation and interpretive approach
unexplainable events, 136
uniqueness, 32, 190-191, 193, 204-205,
245, 255-257; in planning, 255; as differentiation, 265-268; of
individual, 204; cf. individuation, generalization, otherness, method
unity, of client-designer-decision
maker, 201, 204; cf. system, separability, entity, individuation,
identification
unit, of measurement, 186-189; cf.
measurement, standard, entity
universal proposition, 83
university, 57, 59, 122
usability, 101, 117-118, 121;
cf. human-computer interaction HCI/CHI, purpose, measurement of performance,
evaluation, satisfactoriness, quality, aesthetics, function-(functionality)
use or user behavior, 101, 117-118, 156;
vs. designer, 118; user models, 125, 156
usefulness, 120; cf. utility,
pragmatism, measure of performance
user friendliness, 121
user model, 10, 118, 121, 125, 146, 157;
-language, 125; as observer-subject, 156-157; cf. model
utility, 120, 151-152, 163-164, 189,
200, 263; as measure of value, 152-153; vs. aesthetics, 189; cf. preferences
vagueness, 186, 245; cf. doubt, clear,
clarity, distinct
validity and validation, 22, 29, 83, 85,
80, 88, 96, 103, 108, 115, 128, 130, 149, 162, 189-190, 192, 225, 242; as
confirmation, 80; as verification, 185; as evaluation, 136; of apriori axioms,
130; of sensation, 103; of apriori, 128, 130; as relevance, credence or
evidence, 171-173; and politics or use, 225; theoretical base for, 188; cf.
verification, test, accuracy, truth, reliability, confirmation, precision,
experience, proof, value-worth, evidence
value; 71, 73, 102, 152, 163,
137-138, 189-190, 200, 249; vs. good value, 95; measure or comparison of, 152;
value preference, 152; value judgments, 102; of knowledge, 203; of income, 190;
economic, 137-138; value judgement or valuation, 163, 169, 192; as good in
activity itself, 249; value and information, 121-122, 163-164; enabling power
as, 200; ultimate, 163; and fact, 164; measurement of, 152; šs personal value,
200-201; as quality, 190; as utility, 263-264; as trade-off, 47; added, 166; as
power vs. ethic Peirce-Schiller in HCS, 95, 200; Aristotelian pluralism vs.
Platonic monism (ref. Martha Nussbaum), 73; of measurement system, 190; cf.
ethics, good, utility, quality, measure of performance, ideal, goal,
ateleology, worth
variation, analysis or statistical,
65-66, 191, 193; significant, 193; cf. change, partitioning, disagreement
verification, 13, 185, 187; cf. validity,
evidence, confirmation
veto power, 112; cf. counter-instance,
politics of science, perfect observer
vicious circle, 169; vs. infinite
regress, 168-169; cf. self-reference, regression
view, point of, 107, 149, 171, 177;
sharing views, cf. agreement, consensus; cf. aspect, perspective, attitude
violence, as in terrorism, 173-174; cf.
power, strength, Arendt, H.
virtual organizations, cf. virtual
reality, Internet commerce, organization, system
virtual reality, 64, (72),
96, 122-123, 128, 137-139, 159, (183); as
ideal, 178; and aesthetic intuition, 144; as legitimate distortion of inputs, 156;
reality of, 150; relation to reality, 189; in measurement system,
187, 189; as adjustment of readings or observations, 195-196; as
abstract mode of representation, 137; as realistic world and representations,
138-139; as reality vs. illusion, 204; and modes of sensation (see
synaesthesia), 100, 102; cf. virtuality, reality, ontological assumptions,
mind, truth, simulation, representation (chap. 6), entity, measurement, visual,
implementation, constructivism, imagination, aesthetics (apparence,
perspective, sensation, imagination), abstract, illusion
virtuality, 19, 64, (72), 76, 122-123,
(190), 195; vs. reality, 13; and distinction between reality and
non-reality, 97; cf. reality, virtual reality and real, artificial, truth,
error, system, perspective, synaesthesia
vision, 170-171-172, 174;
as thesis, 172; as policy, 180-185; visual recognition, 142; as conviction,
178; color perception, 157; and design, 173; cf. idea, strategy,
conviction, Weltanschauung, thesis, ideal, intuition, figure of thought,
sensuous intuition, form, creativity, aspect, perspective, view, image,
picture, pattern, observation, attitude, elusiveness, ateleology, tacit
knowledge, inspiration
visualization, 125, 138-139; image
recognition, 123-124; cf. representation, perspective, sensation, solution,
virtual reality, human-computer interaction HCI
vitalism: cf. living systems
VR, cf. virtual reality
wandering (circumambulatio), 205
war, or terrorism, 162-163
warehousing, cf. inventory
warrant, 98, 163; warranted database,
195; for authority, 163; cf. guarantor, watchdog, accuracy, reliability,
ethics, theology
watchdog, 135, 150, cf. guarantor,
control
we-them dialectics, 146
weak philosophy, vs. strong
implications, 152-153
weapon, 73, 93; cf. kill maximizer
Weick, Karl, see double interact 118-120,
stimulus response, repertoire of responses, vicious circle, interaction,
consensus
Weltanschauung, 32, 169-179, 181-185,
194, 238, 250; and information, 169-179; counter-Weltanschauung, 224, 249; and
conviction, 98; dual, 198; and Singer's natural image, 194; cf. culture,
tradition, view, perspective, aspects, meaning, vision, image, world, ontology
wff (well formed formula), 31
what-how, 84, (128), 195, 223
whole, 193; system, 68, 71; whole system
as God, 69; wholeness as system, 145; scope of inquiry,
195; cf. system, context
Whorf, B. (language), 144-145
why, 4, 5, 115, 163, 172, 194;
as power in design, 6; and because, 79ff; vs. what, 115; cf.
explanation, meaning, because, causality, teleology, how, what
why-not, 164, 172, 199;
cf. so-what, explanation, because
will, 169, 170-172; general, 162; as
supreme objective mind, 174, 176-177; cf. ethics, evaluation, value
wisdom, 236-273; cf. knowledge
Wittgenstein, L., (151), (160-161);
language games, (105): cf. (Leibnizian) nets
work, division of, 63, 74, 91-92; as human
capability, 118-119; work practice, 166; cf. action-activity,
production, creativity, organization, participation, cooperation
work flow, 166; see activity,
producer-product, reengineering, effectiveness, efficiency, productivity
world; states of, 160; phenomenal,
138-139; as Weltanschauung or image of, 76, 169-170, 196; basic or realistic, 138;
imagery for description, 209ff; in itself, 242; of the inquirer, 160; cf.
Weltanschauung, reality, perspective, ontology, imagery, natural imagery
World-Wide-Web WWW, 15, 26, 117-118,
120, 176-177; as network of information, 9; as separability of storage and
retrieval, 61-62; as library search, 117; cf. Internet, multimedia, hypermedia;
anti teleology, ateleology, network, postmodernism, Leibnizian IS or fact nets,
Lockean IS or trees, Hegelian IS or debate; database, data collection,
libraries, separability
worth, cf. value