UMEA UNIVERSITY
Department of Informatics
Prof. em. Kristo Ivanov
<http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov>
© Kristo Ivanov
Version 0903111640
Customized complementary
word & issue index for
C. West Churchman "The
Design of Inquiring Systems: Basic Concepts of Systems and Organization".
(New York: Basic Books,
1971)
http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.pdf
http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.html
This word & issue index is customized to the
purpose of fostering wider and deeper applications of a social dialectical
systems approach. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the wordindex
published in the book. Issue-indexing implies that even if the particular word
does not appear on the referenced page, either a synonym, an associated, or
analogue issue does. Additional explanatory material related to the same
philosophical background can be found at the following URL and its links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._West_Churchman.
Parenthesized page numbers, italics, and bold face types
in the text below indicate an increasing degree of relevance and importance.
Words referenced after the abbreviation "cf.", and whose radicals are
not found in the index as is the case for words put within parentheses, point
to entries in the book's own index or in Webster's Third New International
Dictionary (unabridged) or in specialized dictionaries of the fields of
information science and philosophy of science.
The purpose of presenting this index to a wider audience
is to allow for a starting point for deeper and wider inquiries in a research
tradition that allows for broad systemic relations between disciplinary areas
and key notions as they appear in the index. The claim is that this book
contributes to the establishment of a time-stable theoretical conceptual
ground, or a "language" which Ð close to the tradition of
philosophical pragmatism Ð facilitates communication among researchers who work
in different schools of thought and areas of application. In particular this
initiative aims at facilitating Ð in one same research organization Ð that
every researcher be able to contribute to the work of colleagues by means of
the easier initial understanding afforded by an tentative initial set of shared
concepts which may be argumentatively modified or rejected in the further
course of a particular inquiry.
This index can also be used for computerized searches of
key words by means of the "Find" feature of word processors, and for
this purpose it is available (document name <Chu-71 DIS-Index>) in a
folder (<Ivanov to share> in <Gemesamma original> in
<Diverse>) on the research server in the department's network
jupiter.informatik.umu.se. It is also available through the World-Wide-Web at
<http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.pdf>
or at <http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.html>.
Permission to make digital/hard copy of this work for
personal or education use is granted provided that it is not done for profit or
commercial advantage, and notice is given of the source.
absolute mind, 178; cf.
progress, mind
absurdum, demonstration
at, 112, 136, cf. axioms
academic freedom, 58
acceptability, vs.
knowledge, 233; cf. satisfactoriness, values
accounting, of costs, 166-168;
accounting system, 162; cf. budgeting
accuracy, 26, 31, 59,
61, 62, 65, 95-96, 83, 95, 98, 107,
108, 113, 115, 132, 135, 141, 146, 146,
150, 154-156, 160, 162, 168, 170,
174-175, 188-191, 193, 195-196, 190, 202, 253,
257; of observation, 154-155; and convergence, 95; as measure of confidence,
111; as minimization of bias, 141; and cost, 62; vs. drama; cf. truth,
measurement, precision, reliability, correctness, validity, refinement,
quality, validation, proof, confirmation, approximation, Ivanov (project AVH)
Ackoff, R.L., 51, 73?,
155
actability, as
knowledge or potential for action, 11; cf. action, activity, actor,
implementation, function, drama, politics, ateleology, implementation, speech
act
action science, 13-16,
(184-185), (199-200), 202-205; cf. implementation
action, and activity,
5-7, 10, 14, 44-46, 104, 114-115, 118,
124-125, 156, 159, 164, 166, 169, 202, 271;
social ethical, 202; and design, 276;
implementation and knowledge, 114; research, 184; and
language, 115, 201-202; and fact or information, 164; as living reality and
drama, 171, 173, 175; as life vs. knowledge as grey theory, 204; as
realism vs. idealism, 199; activities and workflow
value-added, 166; description of, 156; and change, 271; plan of, 164, 167; as
anti teleological good in itself, 249, 254; picture of alternative actions or
Weltanschauung, 169; language theory, 102; as process, 204; and action meaning,
158, 163, cf. Abraham Kaplans "action meaning"; cf. implementation,
reaction, function-structure-teleology, is-ought, ethics, stimulus-response,
interactivity, pragmatism, transaction, process, log and rock on the road,
producer-product, romanticism
action language, 102,
115; cf. is-ought, imperative, indicative, illocutory, perlocutory, Austin,
(Searle)
action research; cf.
action science, implementation
active observer, 159
activity, 7, 166, 249;
as good in itself or purposeful activity, 249; description of 43-46; 166;
cf. action, actor, ateleology
actor, system's, 44-49,
71, 200-201, 204; actor network, 73, 171-174, 182, 185;
functional, 44; social: cf. action; cf. system (and subsystem-component,
teleological), client, decision maker, manager, designer, metadesigner,
convergence of actor roles; as actor on scene: cf. theater, narrative
actor network, 18, 73, 171-174,
182, (193-194); cf. chap. (7) passim, innovation
actor network theory
ANT, cf. actor network
adaptive systems, 63, 65; as
incrementalism, 65-66; and objectivity, 63; cf. evolution, measurement,
flexibility, growth, progress
adjustment, of
observations (Ptolemaic), 196
advertising, incentives
and pricing, 167
aesthetics, 18, 26, 37,
49, (99), 106, 114, 120, 140-141, 143, 155, 158, (170)-171, 195-196, 199-200,
203-205, 216-217, 249, 251, 264, 266;
transcendental (Kant's), 129; as appropriateness, 142; as
good in itself, 249; as artistic creation,
250-251, 266; as joke-play, 235; as taste, 266; as subjectivity, 159; and
monism, 73; as formal elegance, 81, 120; as distanced contemplation, 172-174;
as styles, 170; as colors and shapes, 139; repertoire of styles, 177; as policy
scenario, 171; as the moral quality of the act, 49; as related to clarity and
distinctness, 19-21; as creativity, 4; as poetic mood, 153; and beauty, love
and truth, 264; art, 267; visual cartoon presentation, 182-184; aesthetic
value, (189); aesthetic intuition, 124; and ethics, 216-217;
beauty of a system and pragmatism, 120-121;
aesthetic mood, 182; aesthetic sensuous intuition, 145; as (in Leibniz) faith
to bridge perception and clarity, 242; as related to obscure non-clear and
confuse ideas, 21; dimensions of aesthetical discussion (complexity,
obscureness, confusedness), 37; cf. beauty, image, imagination, drama,
narrative, taste, appropriateness, style, form, function, creativity
agent, intelligent,
116-118; as in Internet, 117; cf. actor, decision maker, artificial intelligence
AI
aggregation, of data,
161
agreement, 85,
88, 92-94, 97, 101, 104-105, 110, 112, 114, 118-119, 126,
154, 157, 161-162, 169, 174,
187-188, 190-194, 198-199: esp. 190, 194, 198-199,
202, 243; control on, 150; in naive empiricism, 191; disagreement for, 193; as
objectivity, 150; unconscious Lockean, 194; isomorphic, of inputs, 154; basis
of conventional, 112; cf. consensus, consistency, cooperation, convergence,
conversation, debate, conflict, pluralism, understanding, democracy, politics,
enemy, disagreement, contradiction
AI; cf. artificial
intelligence, expert systems, intelligence
algorithm, 88-89, 140;
algorithmic thinking, 140
alienation, 159, 161,
163; cf. commitment, participation
ambiguity, as related
to redundancy, 161
analogy, 141, 143, 148;
rich analogy, 143; cf. metaphor
analysis, 4, as
decomposition, 67; as dichotomy, 159; cf. system-subsystems, partitioning
analytic philosophy,
134, 160-161
analytic sentences, 134
Anaxagoras, 41, 78
ancestors, 201; cf.
death, past, future generations
ANT; cf. actor network
(theory, Bruno Latour, Michel Callon)
antagonism, 178; cf.
enemy, conflict, cooperation
anti-planning, 49; cf.
anti teleology, anti-thinking
anti teleology, 49,
216-217, 246-258; cf. anti thinking, Checkland, postmodernism, ateleology, romanticism
anti thinking, 49, 176,
203; cf. anti teleology, ateleology, aesthetic, antinomy, relativism,
postmodernism, romanticism
antinomy 144,
170, 172; and synthesis, 172; cf. antithesis, vs. contradiction, vs. enemy
antithesis, 170,
172-177
aposteriori or
a-posteriori, 110; cf. apriori
apperception, 30, 73-75, 82,
93-94, (141-146, 197-198); cf. representation, Weltanschauung, sweeping-in,
attention, will
applied problem,
triviality of, 139-140
appreciation; cf.
value, evaluation, ethics, quality
appropriateness, 130;
of solution, 142; cf. aesthetics, beauty
approximation, 4, 95;
to truth, 144; endless, 4; cf. convergence, accuracy, truth, reality,
relativism, chap. (9), passim
apriori or a-priori,
88, 109-111, 115, 124-126, 128-129, 132, 136, 194, chap. 6, passim; vs.
aposteriori, as hidden assumption, 184; Lockean, 99; empirical, 136; 110;
self-examination of, 129; empiricist, 134; minimum, 124; Ptolemaic adjustments,
196; revision of, 194; generalization, 109-110; validation of, 130; cf.
presuppositions; minimal, 124, 133-138; for empiricism, 133, 136; cf.
aposteriori (a-posteriori)
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 18
arbitrary, 105, 117,
186-187, 189; cf. conventional
arbitrator, in
conflict, 174; distinguished from synonyms: conciliator, mediator in
negotiation or bargaining
archetype, 244-245; cf.
myth, unconscious, Jung
archive, 101; cf.
database, library
architecture, 7; cf.
aesthetics, form, function, structure
argumentation, 175-176;
cf. debate, learning, conversation, agreement, drama, sweeping-in, logic, Hegelian
I.S. (chap. 7), Leibnizian fact nets (chap. 2)
Aristotle, 18, 108,
210-211, 253, 258; Aristotelian imagery, 210-211
arithmetic, 128-129,
130.131, (134), 192, 197; alternative, 129; and geometry and kinematics, 197;
cf. mathematics
armament; cf. weapon
arrows-and-boxes,
inputs as, 107
art, 158, 249, 266; and
management, social science, and physics, 93; cf. aesthetics, apperception
artefact, separability
or context of, 54; cf. technology, machine, artificial, instrument, production,
function, means, tool
artificial, 4, 17,
(131), 150, 156, 158, 161, 257, 259; cf. virtual, artificial intelligence,
expert system
artificial
intelligence, 4, 16-17, (21-22), 23, 26, 27-28, 39, 41,
63-64, (71), 74, (78, 87, 90), 91, 93, 99-102,
115-116, 118-119, 124, (129), 131, 134,
138, 150, 156-157, 158, 161, 195,
197, 214-215!-216, 256-257, 259-260, 262,
276-277; chap, 4, passim; cf. expert systems,
intelligence; artefact, agent intelligent
as-if, 46
aspect 46, 75, (81),
107, 113, (119), 120, 124, 125, 149,
159, 166, 169, 170-171,
174-178; view, 194, 225; as subjectivism, 151-153, as state
of mind, 156-157; and set of representations of object, 159; as descriptor,
192; cf. perspective, viewpoint, attitude, apriori, Weltanschauung,
apperception, ateleology, anti teleology, vs. objectivity, subjectivism,
relativism, observation, view, vision, image, picture, description, vs. action
aspiration (ideal), 253
assumptions 94, 145,
125, 183; analysis of, 171, 178; basic assumption, ontological assumption, 184,
192; and unexplainable events, 136; cf. presuppositions, foreknowledge
astrology, 244
astronomy, 135,
196-197; astronomical clock, 135; cf. Newton, Copernican revolution, Ptolemaic
theory
astute empiricist, 150
ateleology, as basic
design, 152-153, 216-217, 227-228, 252-255; cf. anti teleology, teleology
atoms, 209
attention, 98-99, 102,
112, 125, 138, 142, 166-168, 185;
cf. relevance, observation, aspect, Weltanschauung, perception, teleology,
apperception
attitude 105, 118, 159,
172, 252; as psychological temperament, 261; as alienated experimenters, 159;
so-what, 164; cf. aspect, viewpoint
attribute, cf.
property, 99-107, 202
auditing, 162, 190
Austin, John L., cf.
action language, illocutory forces
authoring, cf. learning
authority and
authorization, 99, 123, 144, 149-150, 153, 161-164,
167-168, 196; delegation of, 163-164, 167;
vs. strategic decisions, 196; as perfect observer, 40; of international body,
188; cf. management, legitimation, responsibility, power, hierarchy, ethics,
dogma
authorization, 167
(SAF), 160-162, 164
automation, 115-116; cf.
artificial intelligence
autonomy, cf.
independence, freedom, trilogy, handlingsutrymme (in Swedish), convergence
autopoiesis, 158, (169)
axioms, 136; of clock
events and kinematical, 135; proof of empirical apriori set of axioms, 135-136;
and theorems, 136, 142; cf. absurdum, theorems, hypothesis
background, visual, 125
backtrack,
backtracking, 100
bargain, 174; cf.
negotiation
basic data, 137; raw
data, 82, 125, 133, 165-166
Bayesian probability,
114, 153
beauty, of systems,
120; of love, 264; cf. aesthetics, art
behavior, 149, 159
behavior, 148, 151,
154, 156-157, 159
being: cf. existence,
ontology, essence, substance, phenomenology, interpretive
belief, 24, 114,
171-172, 184; cf. faith, conviction, guarantor, trust, hope, doubt
benefit, as resource
allocation, 156; cf. performance measure, income, profit, ethics
Berkeley, G., 35, 105,
122, 150; cf. solipsism
Bessel, 197-198;
effect, (156); cf. reaction time
bias, 141, 176, 183;
cf. measurement, error, accuracy
biology, 116, 192, 197-198;
molecular, 197; cf. function, life, organism
bird, black, example,
29-30
bird, example, 123-124;
cf. swans
bird-egg, causality
example, 134
bit, of information,
161
black box model, 154,
156; cf. stimulus-response
blood, as conviction,
178
body, knowledge
through/of, 263; cf. sensation, perception, sensuous, empiricism,
aesthetics, hypermedia, implementation, reality, mind, unconscious
Boolean compounding,
100-101, 106; class logic, 108-109
boundaries, 222
brain, 6, 23, 27-28,
39, 41, 118; as information processor, 161; monkey-brain, 23; research, 161;
cf. spirit, soul, mind, reason-intellect, artificial intelligence
brain, human, 161
brain, monkey or ape,
23
bricolage and
tinkering, 41, 51, 153, 193-194, 196; cf. improvisation, adaptive, evolution,
ateleology, anti teleology, intuition, play, shift-and-drift
brilliance
(intelligence), 222
browsing; cf. library,
representation, navigation
Buddha, 204; cf. God
Buchanan, B., 79n
budgeting, 67; and cost
accounting, 166-168; cf. PPB
bureaucracy, 162
business, cf.
inventory, manufacturing, sales, e-business
butterfly and storm
example, 63
buzzwords, in
management fads, 92
calibration, 52,
132, 135-136 (A. Danielsson), 152, 191,
198; as adjustment of readings, 195-196; cf. measurement,
standard
capital, 165-167; cf.
inventory, environment, investment
car, and rock on road,
114-115; log across the road, 160
cardinality, and
ordinality in measurement, 152
care; cf. lova,
attention
Carnap, 81
case study, 131-132;
(152), 171, 193, 255-256; and generalizations, 79, (108); and fact, 256;
cf. ethnographic method, observation, generalization, uniqueness
catalogue, of
opportunities, cf. repertoire
categories, 75-76,
108-109
catchwords, in
management fads, 92
causality, 23, 44, 110,
113, 126, 131, 134; vs. statistical correlation, 131; in
Hume, 130-131; causal hypotheses, 113; cf. explanation, understanding,
producer-product, change
centralization, 67-68; as
levels, 76-77; cf. decentralization, hierarchy, levels
certainty; cf.
uncertainty
certification, cf.
validation
change, 3, 11-12, 12, 14-15, 18,
41, 43, 47-8, 50-52, 63-64-66,
77, (160), 175, 194, 196-204, 215,
228; resistance to, 14; and politics-law revision, 193-194, 199; why,
194; of object of measurement, 196-197;
optimal, 175; as revolution or counter-theories, 199; as
revision of apriori, 194; and variation and revision in measurement, 191-200,
204; as adaptability to environment, 213; vs. restfulness, 200; as design, p.
vii; cf. evolution, stability, process, variation, progress, shift and drift,
trial-and-error, bricolage, creativity, learning, improvement, sweep-in,
implementation, revision, causality, variation, revolution, flexibility,
maturation, development, synthesis
chaos theory, as
example of butterfly vs. storm, 63
chapter (1), 3, 63, 74,
77
chapter (2), 19, 21,
95, 97 (ex.), 105, 111, 116, 119, 122, 135,
144, 176-177 (summary), 194, 197, 241
chapter (3), 20, 37,
34-35, 42, 39, 40-41
chapter (4), 37, 39,
79, 116, 144-145, 197-198, 180, 259
chapter (5), 37, 95,
20-21, 33 111, (Leibniz), (118), 116, 122-123, 144, 177, 194,
242, 259, 105; vs. Leibniz, 241-242
chapter (6), 37, 128,
20, 70, 87, (95), 106, 109, 111, 116, 126, 149, 176-177, 194,
242, 259, 265
chapter (7), 20, 37,
149, 70, (95), 105, 119, 147, 194, 215, 249, 265, 271
chapter (9), 20, 37,
85, 186, 46, 85-86, 105, 119, 211, 214, 222-223, 253
chapter (10), 209, 238
chapter (11), 93, 122,
219
chapter (12), 180, 230,
180
chapter (13), 237, 229
chapter (16), 274, 109?
character; cf. entity,
individuation, pattern, property, object
checkers-chess, examples,
22, (125), 138, 142; cf. games
Checkland, P.; 227-229,
249, 252, 254; vs. anatomy of goal seeking, purpose, will, and anti thinking,
anti teleology, 247-258; ateleology, 227-228, 252-255; rich picture, 71-72,
170-171; and pluralism, 71; cf. Weltanschauung, 169-176
checks and balances,
169
chemistry, chap. (4) passim, 116,
144, 198
chess, 22-23, 26,
(120), (125), 138, 142, 187 (arbitrary), 189; cf. checkers-chess
Christ, cf. God,
religion, ethics, Buddha, hero
Church; as design of
individual's relationship to his God, 205; vs. expertise in moral matters, 163;
cf. religion
Churchman, C.W, on
global ethical management, cf. ethics and http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/~gem
circle, vicious, 169;
cf. vicious circle, infinite regress
clarity, clearness (cf.
simplicity), 20-21
classes, 33, 108-109,
159; cf. logic
classification, 33, 36,
42, 117, 159, 186-187, 192, 204; coding, logical
division, exhaustive-inclusive, 192; as distinctions, 192, 270; as labelling,
101; of sciences, 197; cf. measurement, partitioning, distinctions, taxonomy,
categories, definition, partitioning
clear, vs. distinct,
and simple vs. complex, 19-21
client, 47-48;
mankind as generalized client, 65 vs. 67, 200-201; as future generations, 201;
as an ought, 48; and ethics, 48
clock, cf. space-time,
106-107, 109-110, 131-132, 134-135; as an a priori, 110,
astronomical botanical psychological, 110; astronomical, 110, 135
closed system, 44
coarse picture; cf.
detail, image, clarity vs. simplicity
coconstruction, as
collective mind, 162; cf. construction, cooperation, consensus, general will,
dialectics, learning
coconstructive mind,
71, 162, 174
coding; 117, 192; cf.
classification, taxonomy, measurement
cognition: cf.
cognitive models, recognition
cognitive dissonance,
171
cognitive models, 156-157-158,
160-161; of value judgements, 102; recognition, 145; cognitive science, 161;
cognitive styles: cf. styles, of inquiry (chaps. 2-10); cf. learning, inquiry,
knowledge, mental models
coherence (theory of
truth), 33
collaboration: cf.
cooperation, work
collective conscious, 154, 162,
164
collective mind, 70,
162, 194, 196
collective unconscious,
203, cf. Jung, unconscious
color, perception and
observation of, 101, 103, 150-151, 157-158, 164
comedy, 254; cf. comic
combination, and
imagination, 31-32, 36; cf. creativity
comic, 178, 205
command, 115; ; cf.
imperative mood
commerce, Internet-,
165; requiring decomposition principle, 67; cf. inventory wharehousing,
e-business
commitment (cf.
conviction, vs. cf. alienation); ontological, basic assumption, 192, 177
common sense, 19, 135, 162;
realsim, 19; in pluralism, 71
communication, 5-6, 35,
107, 118-119, 123, 125,
135, 152, 169, 171, 198; for explicitation of design 155-157; rich, 122;
language of, 124; scientific, 61; efficiency of ICT information and communcation
technology, 137; cf conversation, language, democracy, agreement, cooperation,
Internet
communicative action;
cf. action language, is-ought, Habermas
communism, 172-173, 222
community, Lockean,
chap. (5), 101, 123, 187, 189, community of minds, 97; of practice, 167;
conventional, 150; community or public knowledge, 154; interpretive community, 159; cf.
Lockean I.S. chap. 5 passim
comparative method,
152-153
comparison, 187; of
utilities, 155; and transformation into numbers in measurement, 187; cf. measurement,
ordinality and cardinality, otherness
competence, 191, 200,
228; core, 184; in observation as judgment of competent over-observer, 191; cf.
knowledge, learning; expert, perfect or normal observer, perfect observer,
metadesigner, implementation, practice, evaluation, measure of performance
competition, between
fact nets, 86, 93; cf. chap. (7) passim
completeness, 124; 199,
262; of empirical count, 120, 124; cf. contentment
complexity, 56, 137;
and simplicity, 141;and simplicity, clarity, and distinctness, 19-21; cf.
simplicity
components, as
subsystems, 7-8, 49-60, 56-57, 67, 167; cf. subsystems, parts
compromise, 174; cf.
negotiation, agreement
computer as person
(ref. Janlert, L-E), 214; cf. behaviorism
computer science,
relevant direct or indirect references to, vii, 6, 9, 11-13, (14), 15-18,
20-21, 25-27, 35, 37, 45, 54, 58-59, 80, 82, 90-93, 101, 104, 112, 115-116, 118,
125-126, 129, 130-132, 137, 150, 158, 160, 171, 195, 197, 212, 214, 216;
parsing 20-21, 142-143, 202; executive of operating system, 27; intelligence
of, 259; as instrument, 81-94; support, 6; cf. tool,
instrument, Hegelian IS, artificial intelligence, program
computer support,
115-116, 118; for negotiation, cf. Hegelian IS; cf. tool, instrument,
artificial intelligence
computerization, as
logical reconstruction, 195
computing , science:
cf. algorithm, and Leibnizian inquiring systems, chap. 2 passim
computing, ubiquitous:
cf. mobile Internet
conceptual framework,
82, 143; cf. system definition, model, theory
confidence, 83, 90,
111, 113, 199; cf. trust, conviction, confirmation
conferencing, 13
confirmation, 81;
degree of, 80, 83; cf. confidence
conflict, 73, 105,
173-174, 177, 185, 188, 191, 196,
199, 203; resolution of, 174, and cf. diplomacy; of ideas,
177, 185; in measurement, 190; cf. agreement, disagreement, debate, enemy,
diplomacy
confusedness, 96; as
related to aesthetic, cf. simplicity, complexity, clarity, distinctness
connotation, 161; cf.
denotation or extension
consciousness, 28, 39;
political, 184-185, 276; cf. self-consciousness, self-reflection, explicitness,
unconscious
consensus, 92; cf.
agreement, consistency, chap. (5) passim
conservative, and
reactionary, 17, 204; cf. reactionary, revolution, change
consistency, 31-32,
190-191, 193, 195, 198; in replications of observation
in measurement, 191, 193; as overcoming of inconsistency, 197; cf. agreement,
consensus, ambiguity
construction, 14, 33
& 175 (embryonic models), 56-57 (learning -part of the
system), 63 (adaptivity-flexibility-stability), 105, 120 (who), 141
(flexibility), 162 (audit), 169 (picture), 171 (Hegel), 172-174 (coconstructive
mind), 176 (cost), 199, 219-220, 227-229, 232, 235, 250, 253-244; as system
reconstitution, 67; cf. fact-nets, consensus
construction, criticism
of, 33, 63, vs monistic apperception, 75-76; as learning, 108; depictive, 141
& 145; and agreement, 173, 174, 176-177, 194 ; challenge of 198-199
; vs. embryo, 14, 15, 33; vs. change, 41; as trial
and error, 51; as adaptive system, 63; vs depictive reality, 76; as
progress, 178; as pluralism and common sense, 71; as collective mind, 162
constructivism, 72; cf.
construction
constructs, 72
consulting, 74; and
system, 184; cf. expertise, planner, designer
contentment, 199
context, 109, 167; and
separability, 54; contextual induction, 109, 112; cf. system, environment,
narrative, textualization (Zuboff)
contextual
justification, 112
contingent facts or
truths, 29-31, 76, 88, 96
continuous systems
development, cf. evolution, improvement, change, revision, coconstruction,
stability, learning, reengineering
contradiction, 32, 108,
170, 172, (182); as antinomy in unconstrained reason, 145, 170; apparent, 136;
self-contradiction, 31; as stopping of formal inquiry, 70; vs. deadly enemy,
172; vs. contrariness, 182; cf. counter-instance, agreement, conversation,
antinomy, self-contradiction
contrariness, 182, 193;
logical, 182; vs. dual Weltanschauung, 198; cf. (counter)-hypothesis
control, 135, 150, 158,
196; as self-reflection, 158; as test of validity of
results, 149; cf. guarantor, management, executive, implementation, authority,
hierarchy, cybernetic feedback, power, evaluation, monitoring
conventional, 71-72,
101, 105, 112, 114-115, 117, 119-120,
123, 135, 137, 150, 186-189; community, 150;
Lockean inquirers, 115; cf. arbitrary
convergence, 32-34,
95-96, 175-176, 194, 197, 199, 202, 241; of system actor roles, 200-201, 204;
cf. sweeping-in, approximation, agreement, accuracy, ideal seeking,
monism, Singerian inquiring systems chap. 9 (passim)
conversation , 70,
112-113, 136, 172-175, 185; conclusion vs. question, 118-119, 172,
277; cf communication: viii, contradiction, debate, sweep in, conversation
killing
conversation killing,
6, 104-105, 144, (174), 198; as uncertainty blocked our of
discourse, 202; depictive, 115; convention, 123; 160-164,
173, 198; through contradiction, 70; vs. deadly enemy, 172; cf. disagreement,
agreement, counter-instance, debate, conflict, enemy, contradiction,
conversation
conviction, 98-99, 111,
119, 122-123, 154, 170-174, 177-178, 184, 190, 229; from
refinement or precision, 190; as vision, 178; origin of, 174; designer's, 154;
as reflective intuition, 107; cf. feeling, vision, commitment, engagement,
evidence, credibility, confidence, trust, faith, rhetoric, aesthetics
cookery, 266; cf.
nourishment, gastronomy
cooperation, 54,
118-119, 121-122, 156, 174, 200-203, 250, 254; as
ethics defined, 200; cf. learning,
implementation, trilogy, production, agreement, politics, ethics, power,
democracy, conflict, CSCW, love, charity
Copernican revolution,
137, 196
core competence, 184
correlation,
statistical, vs. causality, 131
correctness, 170; cf.
accuracy
correspondence, reality
as, 160
ost accounting, 65-66,
124-125, 163-164, 167-168; in inventory control, 165
cost, and benefit, 67,
90-91, 92, 120-121, 124, 141, 163-165-166, 168; 177,
245, 270; of information, 120-122; opportunity cost, 165; and accuracy, 62; of
empirical research and politics, 120; as
resource allocation, 156; cost reduction, 124; cf. performance, measure of
performance, resource, downsizing, reengineering
cost, systemic, 55,
141, 167-168, 176-177, 188; and empiricism, 120,
opportunity cost, 167, 169; marginal, 141; cost effectiveness, 67; and
savings, 124
counter-instance, 194;
counter-induction, 111-112; cf. contradiction, perfect observer
Cranberg, L.; cf. law,
198
creativity, 3-4, 13,
17-18, 30, 116, 118, 139-140, 142-143, (167), 195, 205, 216, 243
(religion), 249; as patterns of discovery, 80, 280; and design, 18, 142-143,
205; as discovery, 195; creative act, 243; in finding a rich analogy, 143; vs.
methodology, 262; and the unconscious, 264-265; cf.
design, imagination, vision, production, intuition, learning, inspiration
credibility or
credence, 98, 171-175, 190; cf. accuracy, trust, conviction, validity and
validation, evidence, proof
crucial test, 136, 159;
cf. test
CSCW, cf. cooperation,
work, action-activity
Cuba crisis, 98
culture, 74, 105, 108,
170; cf. Weltanschauung, tradition, paradigm, Lockean community, consensus,
history
cumulative knowledge;
cf. fact nets, Leibnizian IS, Lockean IS
curiosity, 26
customer, cf. client
cybernetics, 214; cf.
control, management
cyberspace; cf.
Internet, community, system
data, 6, 8-9, 11,
36, 60-62, 72, 84, 90, 114, 125, 132-134, 137,
171, 215; collection of or memory, 6; separability of, 88-91, 110, 114, 132;
collection, 153; data and program, 103; and assumptions, 132; economical set of
data, 86, 137; vs. theory, 87; as system, 168; v s. information, 171; as
optimum model, 171; immediate sense, 151-152; warrant of, 94-95, 169; raw basic
data, 82, 99, 125, 133, 137, 165-166; and generalization, 111; immediacy of
sense data, 155; representation, 116, 125-126, and chap. 7, passim; cf.
symbol, input, picture, image, reception, fact, basic data
data analysis, 88-91,
114
data base, 9-10, 60-62,
95, 98, 101, 106, 108-109, 110,
114-115, 117, 120-121, 132-133, 160-162, 164-165-166,
171, 173, 175, 195, 216, 259; as instructions or program 202; as
Lockean IS, 99-118; as library, 117, 121; as function of identifier, 106; as
filing system, 101; as "is-it-indeed?", 164; as
repertoire, 170; as image of reality, 160; vs.
information system, 85; database systems, 121; transmitting data from, to
theoretical sector, 132; acceptance of warranted, 195; cf. object orientation,
data collection, retrieval
data collection, 84, 99-100,
106, 110, 114-115, 116, 120, 125, 132, 153, 155, 191;
separability of, 132; cf. measurement, empiricism, rich data
data mining, 115, 132-133; cf.
data collection, data base, statistics
data security, 161
data source, 150;
collection from, 153
data structure, 137,
160-161; cf. knowledge representation
datadelegationen, 177,
180, 183
dead, clients, (133),
201
death, 200-201, 203;
dead clients, (133), 201; cf. future generations, ancestors, God
debate, 32, (87),
158-159, 162, 175, 183, 185, 195, 199; as conversation, 174-175; vs. dialectic,
183, 185; and objectivity, 162, 175; cf. agreement,
disagreement, conflict, learning, conversation
decentralization, 67-68, 196;
as pluralism, 71; cf. centralization
decision, 105-106,
114-115, 164
decision makers, 43,
47, 52, 68, 92, 200-201; choice of, 52; and designer
or planner, 66, 68; as leaders and heroes, 200; cf. management
decomposition
principle, 67
deduction, 94; and
induction, 145; cf. induction
definition, 4, 29-31,
77, 136, 205; operational, 115, 187, 191; redefinition, 136; cf. distinction,
classification, translation
degree of freedom; cf.
handlingsutrymme, freedom, tolerance, politics, power, negotiation
deliberation; cf.
judgment, inquiry (passim)
deliberative polls, cf.
democracy, democracy electronic
Delphi technique, 106;
cf. opinion surveys, disagreement
demand, 166-167; cf.
client, marketing, need, advertising
democracy 61, 68,
77, 105, 108, 123, 149, 158, 163-164, 169, 172-173, 176-177,
188, 194, 196, 203, 269; and law or legal system, 108, 123; and
information, 176-177; as community knowledge, 154; as collective mind, 162; in
inquiry, 268-269; as checks and balances, 169; as infinite regress, 169; as
mutual observation, 154-155; as agreement in replication, 190; as decentralized
control, 196; elec tronic e-democracy or governance, (123), 269-270; cf.
participation, cooperation, majority, commitment, work, agreement, pluralism;
vs. alienation, marxism, communism, power, law, justice
Democritus, 209
demonstration; cf.
absurdum, axioms, proof, test, validity, truth, conviction
Dendral, AI-system, 98
denotation or
extension, 161
depiction, cf.
description
Descartes, 22, 62, 70
description, depictive,
76, 115-116, 120-122, 124-125, 135, 140-141, 145, 159-160,
163-164, 166, 170-171, 178, 195, 209; descriptive research, 120-121,
125; error as accuracy of, 201-202; vs. design, 135;
descriptive vs. normative model, 133; cf.
image, representation, reality, depiction, qualitative methods, normative,
is-ought
descriptors, 193; cf.
attributes
design, vii, 5-17, 48-49-50,
55, 74, 80, 97, 131, 135, 138, 150, 153-155, 162, 165-167, 169, 171,
173, 180, 205, 258, (276); defined, 5, 8, 14, 55, 59-60, 205, 258, 276;
theory of, 262, 264, 267; prolegomena to, 16;
subjectivistic theory of, 155; assumptions of, 123; choice of,
56; and judgment, 175; economy of, 142; and
difficulty of planning, 153; essence and objectivity of, 159;
and hypothesis creation, 116; explicitness of, 155 and cf. explicitness;
economy of, 141; strategy of, 194-195; of agreement, 157; vs. description, 135;
as system, 55; as feeling of appropriateness, 142; and
anti teleology, 247-258, 249; and living idea or vision, 173;
ateleology as basic design, 227-228, 252-255; of a priori, 130, 142; ideal
design, 74; of calibration, 152; of observation, 119; and creativity, 204-205;
of degrees of freedom of action (Swedish handlingsutrymme), 164; of designers,
43, 47, 52, 55; dynamic, 64; intuition in, 25; long range, 48-49; and morality,
249; parsimony, 134; and problems in nature of inquiry, 259-273, 276; of science,
195, 201; and God, 205; separability of, 54, 66-67, 145-146, and
"ought", 74; short range, 48-49; of simple inputs, 99; of
input, 137-145; simplicity in, 78; of systems, 62-63-64;
of input, 128; creative, 143; of an apriori, 130; experimental, 60; and
Spinoza, 72; and short-long range goals, 48-49; and is-ought design vs.
description, 135; design situation: cf. uniqueness, uncertainty, conflict;
basic design and logical reconstructionism, method, 195; vs. description, 135;
for objectivity, 149; participatory: cf. participation vs. alienation; of
agreement-standard, 189; and history, 190, 195, 197; design
system vs. system, 62-63, 111, 115; as change or as leadership, 50; critical
desigh problems for I.S. with maximal apriori, 142-144;
cf. creativity, form, function, creativity, intuition, romanticism, vision,
ideal, stability, quality, method, learning, explicitness, implicitness,
education, implementation, cooperation, tacit knowledge, construction,
production, development, aesthetics, progress, Rittel H.
design work, the hidden
rationale, 5, 8, 20, 32, 41, 43-46, 54ff, 125-126, 141-143, 153-156,
170-173, 243-245, 255, 262, 265, 276; practice vs. imagination, 13;
creative act, 17; imagination, 30, 32; elegance, 37; design
rationality-ethics-aesthetics, (38), 49; personal
non-theoretical knowledge, 87-88, 150; observed (design of design), 150;
as personal vs. community knowledge, 154-155;
explicit design, 154; and method, 171-172; design process and reflective
intuition, 107; cf. tacit knowledge, parti, judgment
designer, 43, 47-48,
56, 81, 91, 120, 146, 150, 153, 155, 158-159, 162; as
having a peculiar and separate role, 150, 153; as
true paradoxial non-designer, 155; behavior and designed
designer, 150; anti teleology of, 249; vs. decision maker,66, 68;
as observer, 159; subjectivity of, 115;
identity of, 146; isolation of, 120; vs. user, 118;
designer's type of feeling against method, 92;
designer's knowledge, 154; and politics, 66; as
observer, 150; designer's conviction, 154; return home of from glamour, 203;
cf. metadesigner, planner, expertise
detail, 87, 175, 190;
as refinement, 190, 192; cf. partitioning,, subsystem of system, level,
hierarchy, classification, refinement, attention
determinism, 209-210;
cf. mechanism
development, 224, 229;
cf. learning, progress, evolution, change
Dewey, J., 189; cf.
pragmatism
dialectic, 170, 177, 182, 199,
245, 262; planning, 180; life of, 175; conviction in, 172; deadliest enemy in,
172; drama-theater in, 172, 178; and epic, 175; eternity of, 245; Hegelian,
170; in humor, 174; in judgement, 175; and leisure class, 176; long-range
planning, 184; and political process, 185; and public information, 271; of
science, 224; dialectic within dialectic and isolation of dialectic process, 183-184;
transcendental, cf. Kant
dialogue, cf.
dialectics, conversation, language, sweep in
dice, example,109
dichotomy, 159, 177;
cf. classification, taxonomy, coding, analysis
dictionary, 29, 33
difference, make a,
164; cf. pragmatism
digital information,
161
diplomacy, as avoidance
of misunderstandings: cf. Leibnizian I.S.; as creation of consensus: cf. chap.
5; as syntesis of opposition: cf. chap. 7
disagreement, 105, 113,
119, 162, 188, 193-194, 199; as
significant variance or variation, 193; cf. conflict, agreement; conversation
killing, Delphi technique
disciplinary science,
74, 195, 200; vs. interdisciplinary, 198; cf. discipline
disciplines, 40, 74,
195, as de Raadt modalities, 197; disciplinary knowledge, 200; cf.
interdisciplinary
discourse, 103; cf.
narrative, conversation, agreement, argumentation, dialectic, sweep in
discovery, 195
discrimination; cf.
partitioning, classification, precision, accuracy, definition
dissent, 105; cf.
disagreement
distinctions, 270;
partitioning, 175; between types of validation, 225; cf. taxonomy,
classification, taxonomy, coding, measurement, definition
distinctness, vs.
clarity, and simple vs. complex, 19-21
distributed intelligent
systems, 196; cf. mobile Internet
diversity, 104, 204;
cf. otherness, pluralism, uniqueness, individuation
dogma, 162, 237
don Juan syndrome, 11;
cf. hero, 202-203; cf. restlessness
Dooyeweerd, Herman; cf.
multimodal, Donald De Raadt
double interact, cf.
Karl Weick, 99-100, 102-107, 118-120; cf.
agreement, cooperation, organization, Newton's syndrome
doubt, 109, 114,
172-173, 175; as a design method, 24; uncertainty of, 105; cf. probability,
risk, uncertainty, vagueness, faith, belief, trust, hope, skepticism
downsizing, 124, 165; as
cost reduction, 141; as management fad, 92-93;
cf. reengineering, cost reduction, just in time, efficiency, effectiveness,
productivity
drama, as living
reality, 170-173, 175, 178, 181, 203, 244; cf. narrative, myth, rhetoric
Dreyfus, H., 16
drifting, or drift in
the use of technology; cf. shift-and-drift, function-creep
duplication, cf. replication,
uniqueness
dynamic knowledge or
learning, 112; cf. evolutionary, learning
ecology, 144, 202; cf.
pollution, aesthetics
e-commerce, cf.
Internet commerce
economics, 25, 37, 67,
120, 122, 124, 137-138, 141, 152-153, 163-168, 176, 211; of information, 124;
mathematical, 25; and social aspect, 124; cost accounting, 65-66; economic
value of simplicity, 138-139; economic theory, 152; of data bases, 120-121; of
information, 124; cf. cost, benefits, capital investment, profit, measure of
performance
economy, of inquiry or
thought, 15-16, 86, 120, 124, 137-138, 217; as effectiveness vs. parsimony,
141; of computation, 37; economical set of data, 86; of simplicity, 137-138, of
time, 81
education, 184, 230,
268-269; and implementation, 230-236; graduate, 268;
theory of, 230; and learning, 159-160; educational process, 158;
cf. learning
effectiveness, 43, 133,
137; of inquiring systems' sectors, 133; as simplicity, 137; as economy, vs.
parsimony, 141; vs efficiency, 137; cf. measure of
performance, separability, efficiency, productivity
efficiency, vs.
effectiveness, 137; cf. effectiveness,
parsimony, productivity
EIS, cf. executive
inftelligence systems
electronic commerce
etc., requiring decomposition principle, 67, 165; cf. Internet
elegance; 120; cf. aesthetics
elementary, as simple
and clear, 19
elements, 19; cf.
input, entity
elephant and blind men
example, 150, 159
elusiveness, 4, 18, 28,
195; cf. explicitness, intuition, tacit knowledge
emancipation, 13
embodiment, cf. body
embryo, 33; embryonic
incrementalism, 41, 64-65, 228; as Newton's syndrome, 64; cf. adaptive system,
evolution
emotions, 203; cf.
mood, feeling, conviction, value
empiricism, 40, 61, 68,
71-72, 95-102-127, 116, 129, 131-132, 134-135, 146, 150-153, 155, 166,
171, 242; logical, 160, 166; and information, 166; and cost, 120; naive, 191;
philosophically astute, 150; empirical investigation, 134; minimalistic, 134;
subjective, 153; presuppositions of, 110; British, 151; vs. mathematics, 112;
empirical method inquiry, 110, 112, 116, 121, 123-124, 155; completeness of
empirical inquiry (cf. statistical sampling), 120, 124; empirical research's
cost and politics, 120; empirical language, 125;
is-ought linguistic puzzle of, 102, 202; cf. experiment,
experience, observation, sensation, perception, data collection, Lockean IS,
chap. 5, passim, practice
empowerment, 200; cf.
autonomy, participation, politics, power
end, 45; and religion,
242
enemy, 98, 172,
180-181; 98, knowledge of; deadliest, 172-173, 178; cf. conflict
England, empiricism
developed in, 150
entanglement, 167; cf.
system, context
entelechies, 39
entity, 45, 93, 99,
104, 108, 106, 125-126, 129; as "it" or "what",
128; teleological, 93; process as entity, 100; entity relationship, 34; cf.
object, system, subject, individuation, uniqueness, element, actor
environment, 8, 13,
42-78, 150-151; esp. 51-52, 56, 63;
166-167, 247-248; of science, 200; control of, 167; as informational
constraint, 164; as size or limits of system, 56; as higher-level; cf. input,
external Weltanschauung, 174; cf. separability, input, context, Swedish
"handlingsutrymme", "miljš"
EOQ (economic order
quantity), 165
epic, 174, 177, 182,
203; cf. drama
Epictetus, 252
epistemology, 17-18,
103, 155, 171-172
ERP enterprise resource
planning; as management fad, 92-93; cf. manufacturing, management information
systems MIS
error, 113, 136,
201-202, 242
esoterism, 58, 184,
200; cf. exoteric, accuracy, measurement
essence, 27-28, cf.
existence, 76
ether, 238
ethics, 12, 48-49, 63,
70, 73, 163, 197-198, 200, 202, 216,
218, 222, 255; morals 6, 17; personal, 200-201; as function of clients,
200-201; as good intentions; vs. authority-responsibility, 196; as power or
cooperation, 200; and power, knowledge and beauty, 73; and
theology, 200; ethical judgement, (202); vs. value measurement, 152-153; of
imperative, 202; cf. values, good, conviction, goal, purpose, is-ought, greed,
God, guarantor, warrant, cooperation, URL: http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/~gem
ethnicity, multi-,
(182)
ethnographic method and
observation, 119, 121, 125-126, 138-139, 154,
156, 159-160, 166-167, 171,
195; cf. qualitative method, scientific method, observation
evaluation, 136,
263-264; empirical, 110; cf. value, utility, quality
event, 134, 136:
cf. message, information, function, action, transaction
evidence, 55, 63, 76,
112, 152, 164, 172; knowledge and probability, 55; credibility or credence,
173; vs. mood, 203; self-evidence, 27, 162; objective, 119; cf.
counter-instance; cf. proof, truth, relevance, validity
evil, 72, 76; cf.
ethics
evolution, 33, 63-66,
112; positivism as, 63, 66-67; evolutionary adaptive system, 63, 175; as
progress, 178; cf. flexibility, adaptive, growth, progress, incrementalism,
learning, change, improvement, change, survival-reproduction, coconstruction,
reengineering, embryo, adaptive system
examples, pedagogical
in the book; cf. bird (and egg, swan), dice, elephant, log, rock, sawmill,
toothache, radarscope, swan, sales statistics, color perception, log across the
road, sailing and smaller mind, spectacles, checkers-chess, ticktacktoe, magic
square, hawk-dove, mother and quarreling sons, stooge, table or desk in
measurement, monkey brain, rain today, butterfly and storm, Cuba crisis,
scratches on photographical plate, young Lockean investigator, professors and
dissenting students
excluded middle,
principle, 108
executive, 27, 33,
36-38, 142, 145-146, 148; operating system, 27; executive intelligence system,
97, 112-113, 118, 124, 175; ; executive intelligence
I.S.: cf. control, strategy, intelligence, information systems, (operating system)
exhaustive
classification or taxonomy, 192
existence, 71, 76, 78;
cf. ontology
exoteric, 200, 219-220,
225, 237, 268; cf. esoteric
experience, 26, 100,
119, 129, 135, 144, 148, 170, 250;
meaning of, 70; learning by, 131; human, 119; cf. learning, perception,
sensation
experiments, 42, 60,
63, 73-75, 85, 87, 113, 134-136, 159, 183-184, 192-194,
198-199, 229, 231, 235; as systems, 60; experimental results and
theory, 192; statistical, 183-184; experimental method, 113, 135, 191-194;
positivistic, 60; as alienation, 159; Galilei's, 132; thought experiment, 191;
experimental design, 113, 182, 183-184; experimentation, 51, 192; cf.
replication; cf. chap. (12) 230ff;
expertise, 49-50, 74,
82-83, 87, 99, 101, 111-112, 114, 162-163,
168-169, 176-177, 180, 183, 268-269,
272-273; and information, 101, 114, 118, 162; in inquiry, 87-88,
99; test of, 163; in systems science, 231;defense of, 269; as subsystems
separability, 53; and monism, 73-74; and democracy, 176; cf.
designer, consulting, specialization, artificial intelligence, expert systems,
systems separability, peer review, idiot savant
explanation, 4, 6,
26-27, 35, 37, 41, 46, 80, 83, 85-86, 100, 104,
136-137, 154; unexplainable events, 136; explanatory model, 80; cf. why,
because, meaning, implication, interpretation, understanding, interpretation
explicitness, 145,
154-155, 171, 175, 177-178, 186, 194; giving up, 175, 177-178;
cf. implicit, tacit knowledge, design, subjectivism
exploration, and
innovation; cf. innovation
explosion, of
information, 176, 267; cf. expertise
expressing information,
137; cf. gestalt
extension, 77, or
denotation, 161; cf. intension
external, 20, 33, 35,
36, 84, 122, 128, 144, 149, 151, 157-159; cf.
input, environment
extrapolation, 210
facilitator (neutral
observer), 159; as synthesizer, 174; cf. negotiation
fact (nets), 32, 37, 39-40, 79,
86, 88, 111, 127, 141, 143,
160, 164, 197, 225; top-bottom-end (of
implication) 32, 39-40, 79, 88; in inducer, 143; in intelligence, 98; in
Leibniz, 32; in organic chemistry, 82; ranking of, 34, 37; as likely truth, 32;
as information, 160
fact, 32, 86,
90, 150, 160-161, 164;
simple, 108; objective, 158; and action, 164; and value, 164; as likely truth,
32; and alienation of self, 161; fact nets, 95, chap.
(2) passim; cf. truth, data, past, evidence, information,
empiricism
fads, or research or
management, 92
faith, (164), 229, 237,
240-243; and science, 240-246; and belief, 24; cf. belief,
guarantor, conviction, trust, hope, doubt, religion
falsification, 24, 40, 88,
98, 136, 199, 220; cf. error, truth, conviction, encryption, coding
fantasy, 96; cf.
imagination
fascism, and socialism,
68
feasibility, 63; as
approvability-probability, 211; cf. implementation
federative or
federation, cf. system
feeling, 13, 76, 119,
151, 161, (203), 261-262-264, 270-271; as primacy of
the subjective, 151; as commitment, 171; sensation as surrogate of, 264-265;
subjective, 114, 155, 158, 161; as mood, 182, 203; of appropriateness in
design, 142; cf. mood, intuition (as "right feeling"),
love, conviction, experience, sensation, emotion, postmodernism, unconscious,
romanticism
Feingenbaum, E. A.,
79n, 100
Fermat P. and
mathematics, 112
figure, of thought,
158, 169, 171-172; cf. image, vision, myth, symbol, metaphor, aesthetics
file, 101; cf.
database, library
filter, of information,
96, 98
fitness, as
appropriateness, 262
flexibility, 63-64,
110, 141, as change, 194; as adjustment of measurements, 196; cf.
evolution, learning, adjustment, stability, change, adaptive
flow, (28, 155); as
process vs. progress, 203-205; cf. fitness, process, creativity, imagination,
intuition, inspiration, enthusiasm, progress, learning, romanticism
forecast, 105-106, 110,
131, 133, 150, 153, 165; cf. prediction, regularity, replication,
generalization, past, future, history, improvisation, bricolage
foreknowledge, 109; cf.
apriori, assumptions, presuppositions, user model
form, 29; logical, 108;
cf. formal, experience, feeling, aesthetic, sensation, value, judgement,
morphology, structure, experience, function
formal, 29, 70, 140,
171-172, 186; formal science, 129-130; formal thinking, 6; cf. logic,
mathematics
formative context,
(166); cf. environment, system, practice, praxis
fourth-box imagery,
216, 243
fragmentation, 202
framework, 110;
conceptual, 72, 143
freedom, 11-12, 245; of
inquiry, 58, of the press, 196; 71; of action, 164 and cf. degree of freedom in
action (in Swedish) handlingsutrymme, 7, 13; academic, 58; cf. stability,
responsibility, autonomy, power
function-morphology/structure-teleology,
44-45, 197, 214; in Ackoff's book Scientific Method 155-163; of systems, 75;
basic functions as apperception, 75, 78; as action-activity; psychological,
261; functionalism, (204); cf. form, biology, Ackoff-Emery's book On Purposeful
Systems pp.19-32
functionality; cf.
measurement of performance, satisfactoriness, quality, aesthetics
future generations, 59,
247, 201, 254; vs. past, 201; as client, 201; cf. death, ancestors
futures research, 131;
cf. forecast, prediction, cause, past-future
fuzzy sets, 105, 214
fšrutsþttningslšshet
(Swedish for no presuppositions), 124; cf. apriori
Galilei, G. 132; debate
(112)
gambling, 241; cf.
play, humor
game theory, 64, 153,
168, 235, 241; and nature, 238; cf.
gambling, games
games, 23, 125,
138-139, 235; cf. checkers, chess, ticktacktoe, magic square, virtuality,
drama, play, rules
gastronomy, cf.
cookery, nourishment
general systems theory,
41, 75, 77, 78, 93, (168)
general will
(Rousseau), 162; as supreme objective mind, 174, 176-177; as collective
absolute mind, 70; and group mind, 68; as good collective mind, 70
generalization, 8, 79,
94, 108-110-112, 123-130-132, 145, 152, 245, 257;
as learning, 108; sector of inquirer, 130; vs. counter-instance, 111-112; see
particularly: 114, 125, 129, 142, 256; vs.
input, 130ff; cf. induction, learning, client generalization
genetic engineering;
cf. molecular biology, 197; cf. information and chap. (2) passim
geodetic survey, coast
and, 187
geographical
information systems Ð GIS, see space-time framework, action, representation,
object-orientation
geometry, 28, 128-129, 134,
136-137, 197; alternative, 129; Euclidean vs. hyperbolic solic, 136; of
physicists, 137; and arithmetic and kinematics, 197; cf. space
Gestalt, as expression
of information, 137-143; cf. pattern, expression, representation
GIS, cf. geographical
information systems
goal; goal-seeking
behavior, 210, 213; vs. ideal vs. overall purposeful activity, 5; partial, 73;
teleology, anti teleology, ateleology, action
God, 12, 23, 24,
33-34, 36, 69-70, 72, 74, 95, (176)-177, 203, 205, 241; and intuition,
28, 243; in Leibniz, 33-34; as manager, 74; as the whole and overall system, 69-70;
proof of existence, 23, 33-34, 70, 263; and research, 244; as scientist, 74 vs.
96; as supreme objective mind, 174, 176-177; as general will, 162; as
cooperation, 200; as Buddha, 204; as endless approximation, 199; and the hero,
205; message from and hero, 203; design of relationship with / heroic mood,
205; Hegelian 177-178; as theological "whole breadth of inquiry", 196; cf.
religion, guarantor, warrant, Christianity, ethics
good, 12; in
rationalism, 73; ranking of goods, 73-74; as power in design, 6, 3 vs. 12; cf.
ethics, values
gossip, 98
government; cf. state
government, management, monism, executive
graduate education, as
young researcher, 121, 199
graph, 83, 181
greed, and hypocrisy,
173
grounded theory, 61-62,
84
group mind, 68
grov bild (in Swedish),
cf. coarse picture, vision, image, simulation, detail, vs. skarp miljš
growth, cf. evolution,
progress, incrementalism, learning, improvement, change, coconstruction,
reengineering
guarantor, 59, 62-63, 47,
53-54?, 59-60, 62-63!, 68, 71, 73, 76-78, 93, 98-99, 105, 123-124,
144-145, 160, 162, 176-177-178, 201, 204-205, 216,
229, 237, 239-240-241, 276; design of, 23; in Lockean IS, 115, 123;
external Hegelian, 145; and nature, 274; and future generations, 247; as
Hegelian Absolute Mind, 174; as information master vs. slave, 161; for the
elephant and the blind men, 159; as Hegelian over-observer, 191; of a clock,
135; of reality of inputs, 123; cf. control, warrant, belief, faith, God, ethics,
conviction, security, trust
Habermas, J., as faith
in the existence of agreement, 243; cf. action language, is-ought, Werner
Ulrich, (Austin), (Searle's) speech acts
Hadamard, 28
handlingsrationalitet,
cf. action, response
handlingsutrymme
(Swedish for environment, degrees of freedom in action) and design 7, 13, 105;
cf. environment, resources, functional class, external, situated action,
autonomy, freedom, politics, oppression, conflict, agreement
hawks, and doves, 182
Hawthorne (idea), 54
HCI, cf. human-computer
interaction
HCS, Ivanov's
"humanistic computing science" (references to)
Hegel, G.W.F., 35, 70,
105, 158, 170-172, 191, 194, 235, 245, 249; move to Hegelian from Kantian I.S.,
265
Heidegger; cf.
phenomenology, interpretiive, ontology, existence, being, otherness
Hempel, 256
heritage, 201
hermeneutics, cf. sweeping-in,
interpretation, understanding, meaning, apriori, aspects, translation,
conversation as pp. vii-viii, learning
hero, 200, 203-204,
244; and his god, 205; heroic mood, 202-203; design of, 204; cf. epic, drama,
narrative
heuristics, 27, 82-83,
144; search methods, 38
hierarchy in systems,
76-77, 144; levels, 76, (105); and participation, 77; cf.
authority, levels, authority, power, separability, components
Hillman, J., 178, 203,
280; cf. Jung
history, 133, 160-161, 166-167, 190; past
vs. future, 110, 131-132, 133, 150, 153, 160, 166,
256; of observations, 191; of science, 193; importance of, in design, 190; cf.
forecast, prediction, past-future, future, past generations
hope, 237; cf. faith,
trust, belief, religion, future generations, doubt
horizontal
organization, 196; cf. network
how, 194-195; cf.
why, what-how
human component or
dimension, humanness, capabilities of human component, 97, 118; cf. humanism,
social, individuation, uniqueness
human-computer
interaction HCI or CHI, 117-119, (121), 125, 137, 159; as
time for performing a task, 15; human systems
components, 118; translation into the language of the user, 125; cf.
interactivity, reaction-response, support, computer, work, usability, time
savings, HCI, CHI
humanism,
Enlightenment's, 255-256; as individuality, 277; cf. personal knowledge; cf.
individuation, uniqueness
Hume, D., 119, 131;
problem of, 110, 119, 131; cf. skepticism
humor, 174, 177, 203;
of science, 235; cf. tragedy, comic, play, game
hypermedia, 9, 13; as
sensation-surrogate of feeling, 264-265; cf. drama, aesthetics, sensation,
postmodernism, anti teleology, ateleology, synaesthesia, play, network
hypersystem, 52, (121),
149, 155-156, 158-159, 169, 175,
191, 196, 199; actor roles in, 200-201; as apperception, 73-74
hypertext, 117, 128
hypothesis, 80, 83,
89, 172, 192-193, 199; formulation, 194-195; vs. counter-hypothesis, 199;
testing, 115, 192-193, 196-197, 199;
cf. thesis, contrariness
icon, 20; cf. picture,
image, sign
idea, 20; innate, 145,
chap. (2) passim; cf. innate ideas, vision, input, intuition
ideal, 199, 201; and
real, 178, 256; ideal design, 13, 74; idealist and realist cit., 199
idealism, 199, 204; and
realism, 245
idealist, 199, 245; vs.
realist, 199
identification, 36-37,
(44), 48, 82, 85, 93, 100-101, 103-104, 106, 111,
124, 127-128, 131, 151, 193,
255-256; and individuation, 111; as conventional identifier, 72; identifier,
106; cf. individuation
idios (idiography),
245, 256
idiot-savant, 32, 139-141,
(216-217), 222, 260; ; cf. expertise
if-then, 80, 94, 103;
cf. implication, indicative "is", imperative "ought"
illocutory forces, 102;
cf. action language, imperative, indicative, is-ought, (Austin), (Searle)
illusion, 157, 204,
262; cf. virtual
image recognition, 38,
125-126, 138-140
image, 20, 76, 100,
103, 151, 159, 200; of the mind, 151; of reality, 202-218; ideal
scenario, 171, 177; of nature, natural, 159, 194, 209-212; as image-picture of
Weltanschauung, 169; images of inquiry, 209-215; as picture inputs to
Leibnizian IS, 20; as advertising or propaganda, 183-184; processing of,
124; as pattern of behavior, 5; as "arrows and boxes", 107; natural
or imagery, 194-195, 197-198, 209; cf. vision, depictive, Weltanschauung,
symbol, Jung-archetype, picture, natural image, ideal
imagination, 13,
18-19, 27, 30, 32, 36, 96, 116, 122, 127; cf. creativity, design, fantasy,
aesthetics, combination, metaphysics
immediacy, of sense
data, 155
imperative mood, 102-3,
105, 115, 201-202, 247; judgment of acceptance of instruction in, 164, 202;
and linguistic puzzle of empiricism, 102, 202; cf.
indicative; cf. is-ought, ought, deontic, action, instruction
implementation, 5, 13-14, 18,
47-48, 52, 59, 65-66, 92-93, 114-115, 180, 193,
199, 219-229, 230-236, 269, 274; causes of failure, 232-235; cf.
action, politics, measure of performance, satisfactoriness, teleology
implication, 26, 31,
37, 39-40; cf. inference, induction, deduction
implicitness, 178; and
explicitness, 155; cf. explicitness
impression, 119; cf.
sensation
improvement, 111, 153, 165, 201;
cf. learning, progress, change, evolution, measure of performance, chap. (7) passim
improvisation, 11, 41,
63, 83, 120, 153, 124, 153, (167); and planning,
41; as circumambulatio, 205; as storm sailing, 11; cf. change, situated action,
bricolage, shift and drift, postmodernism, satisfactoriness and satisficing,
vs. forecast, prediction, planning
income, measurement of,
189-190; cf. benefit
inconsistency, and its
overcoming in reading, 197; cf. consistency
incrementalism, 41, 65,
71, 228; cf. trial & error, change
independence, 191; cf.
autonomy
indicative mood,
102-103, 105-107, 109, 115, 135, 168, 201-202; as
expert judgment, 164; cf. is-ought, imperative, mood of propositions
individualism, 4, 68,
71, 154-156, 193, 202, 204
individuation, 36-37,
111, 129, 131; and identification, 111; by space-time, 110; and uniqueness,
204, 245; vs. classes, 108; as same-another, 151; Jungian process of, 262; cf.
identification, uniqueness, entity, object, item
inducer (induction) and
fact net, 143
induction, 26-27, 79,
83, 87, 94, 108-110, 111, 115, 123, 124, 145,
151-152; explanation of, 80; justification of, 79; Lockean, 112,
123; problem of, 80, 88; and deduction, 145;
strategy of, 111; as a system, 90; Mill's laws of, 113; inductive logic, 123;
classical 79, 83; cf. generalization, deduction
inference, 94, 151-153,
191; from observation, 87, 152; cf. induction, implication, deduction,
generalization, learning
infinite regress, 178;
regress or vicious circle, 168-169, 188
informatics, as
method-science, 60, (74); cf. information, information systems
information; 9, 147,
85, 121, 159-162, 164-5, 167-168; 171; structure
136-137 & 139; auditors, 162; additional or knowledge,
85; and politics, 121; and authority, 164; basic,
165; expressing (gestalt), 137; bureaucracy, 162; explosion 91, 267; and
event or message, 136; interpretation of, 137, 142; the conquering lord, 161;
economics of, 124; empiricism, 166; experts, 162; in inventory control, 165;
and mind, 160; master-and-slave, 160-161; morality, 163; public, 176; reception
of, 100, 128; retrieval of, 101, 162; and teleology, 163, 165; mathematical
theory of, 161; and Weltanschauung, 169-179; digital, 161; systemic, 167-168;
teleological, 165, 167-168; structures of, 137; human as information
processing, 161; vs. data, 171; society, 217-218; for action: see log, rock,
action; cf. data, fact, input, message, event, knowledge, bits
information system, 54,
56, 62, 85, 167-168; as
part of or vs. system, 56, 60; as design system, 54; as model or data, 61-62;
reality of, 72; vs. data base, 85; analogy to "total generator
plant", 72; as production system, 141; and organization, 121;
executive and strategic, 175; cf. data base, information
vs. object, metaphysics or ontology, inquiring system, passim
information technology
IT, cf. computer, communication, informationinnate ideas, 33-36, 84, 105, 116, 122, 145
inheritance, 108
innate ideas, chap. 2 passim,
145
inner process, 107
innovation, sociology
of, 93, 193-194; as restless change, 199-200, 203; and
exploration (of e.g. technology), 193, 199; and
heroic quest, 203-204; cf. creativity, change, technology spread acceptance
assimilation
input model, 142-143
input, 19, 20-22, 33, 35, 45,
96, 84, 86, 91, 96, 99, 100, 106-107, 116, 118, 128,
137-138, 142-145-146-147-148, 151-152, 154, 157-159, 167,
196, 239, 265; as validated received entity, 107;
input process, 99-100; mode of receiving, 137; inputs and models, 140, 143,
147-148; arrows and boxes, 107; as stimulus, 159; reality of, 122-123; as mode
of receiving information, 137; as inside/outside, 96, 151; distortion of, 156;
adjustment of 196; as part of the unconscious, 265; cf.
observation, measurement, information, message, apriori, inside-outside;
environment, idea, reception, data collection, problem definition
input-output;
representation of observer, 84, 156
inquirer (not a special
type of person), 268
inquiry: as production
system, 141; error in, 113; simplicity of, 142
inside-outside, 96,
150-151; cf. input
insight, 81
inspiration; cf. creativity,
intuition, imagination
instruction; cf.
is-ought, learning, imperative mood, program
instrument, 81-83-94,
115-116, 136; vs. theory, 83; teleological, 93-94; test of, 83; cf. tool,
means, measurement
intellect, 27, 145
intelligence, 4, 16, 97,
(125), 137, 140-141, 143-145, 259-260;
intelligence test, 39, 140-141, 143; cf. artificial
intelligence, distributed intelligent systems, intelligent agents,
reason-intellect, mind, knowledge
intelligence systems,
military, 97-98, 124; cf. strategy, enemy, competition
intelligence tests, 143
intelligent agent, cf.
agent artificial, artefact, artificial intelligence AI
intelligibility as
design, 145, 155; cf. explicit
intension, 77; cf.
extension
intensity, of
impressions, 107, 119; cf.
sensation
interaction, 31, 43-46,
159, 168-169; cf. action, reaction, response, stimulus, dialectics,
communication, cooperation, learning, conversation, sweep in, human-computer
interaction HCI-CHI
interactivity, 15-16,
83ff, 106, 159, 168, 170, 171-174, 183;
cf. action-activity, reaction, response, human-computer interaction
interdisciplinarity,
40, 74-75, 195, 197-198, 200; cf. system, transdisciplinarity,
apperception, sweep in, conversation, perspective, aspect, Weltanschauung
interface, 151; cf.
separability, interaction, action
internal-external (cf.
input), 26, 26, 33, 36, 84, 107, 122, 128,
138, 144-145, 151, 156-157, 159
international body,
authority of, 188
Internet analogies, 9-10,
13-16, 26, 61-62, 117, 120-121;
Internet design, 128; navigation browsing retrieval, 62, 117; Internet
commerce, 165; as scientific communication, 61-62; requiring decomposition
principle for business analysis, 67; cf. library, communication, database,
hypermedia, network, World Wide Web
interpolation-extrapolation,
112; cf. partitioning
interpretation, 110,
136-137, 142; ease of, 137; of data in Weltanschauung,
110, 169-170; of sensory responses, 194; of information, 137,
142; cf. meaning, perspective, understanding, explanation
interpretive approach, 49, 158-160, 170-172, 174, 176,
181-185, 198; cf. phenomenology, understanding,
meaning, life, intersubjectivity
interpretive community,
159; cf. chap.(5) passim
interrogative mood, cf.
mood of propositions
intersubjectivity, 149,
159, 169; cf. hypersystem, interpretive approach
intervention, 171; cf.
participation, cooperation, conflict, politics, implementation, reality
interviews, and
alienated experimenters, 159; interview technique, 120-121; cf. conversation,
data collection, questioning, understanding, explanation, interpretation
introspection, 107,
129, 150-156; as inner process or reflection, 107; cf. subjectivism,
reflection, self-reflection; (sensuous) intuition, mind
intuition, 21, 25-28,
71, 76, 80, 81, 84, 87-88, 90, 92, 114, 119, 120-121, (150-151), 153-155, 158, 171,
176-177, 194, 203-205, 243, 261-263; as subjective feeling, 114, 119; as
common sense, 13; Spinozian, 25-28; as poetic fashion, 153; reflective, 107;
sensuous, 131, 145; as aesthetical fitness, 80; having a feel vs right feeling,
90; aesthetic intuition, 124; cf. judgment, creativity,
imagination, perception, sensuous intuition, unconscious, elusive, drama,
romanticism, inspiration
invariances, 156; cf.
change, trial and error, stability
inventory model, 53-54,
165-166; cf. Internet commerce
investment, 167; cf.
economics, capital
irony, cf. humor,
drama, narrative
irrationality, 159; cf.
rationality, evidence, truth
IS, cf. information
(system), 159-168
is-it-indeed, database
as, 164
is-ought, 52, 54, 56,
74, 102-103, 115, 133, 164, 168, 198, 201-202; in
prediction, 110; and linguistic puzzle of empiricism, 102, 202; cf.
ought, instruction, ethics, ndicative, imperative, description, action
isomorphism (cf.
general systems theory), 11, 110, 125, 154
it, 128; cf. entity,
individuation
IT-information
technology, cf. computer, communication, information
item, 101, 104; cf.
individuation
iteration (cf. self,
recurrence-recursivity), 135-136
Ivanov*, Kristo
(project SAF on privacy, integrity, and rule-of-law), 123!, 155,
167, 172, 174, 175!; checks and balances, 169
Ivanov*, Kristo, (project
A2psi on "Psychology and computers"), 6, 18, 24,
25 (intuition, Hilbert vs. Brouwer), 32 (love, idiot savant), 68 (vs. Jung),
81, 82, 92, 96, 97, 98 (psiA), (129) (precision), (105), 107, 110, 118-119
(love), 121, 123, 150, 162, 190
(convincing), 197, 216-217 (idiot savant), 215
Ivanov*, Kristo,
(project AVH on "Quality-accuracy"), 4, 6, 5, 9, 10, 15, 18, 20,
21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32 (relevance), 33, 37, 39, 40,
(46), 59, 60-61, 62-63, 65, 74-75, 77, 83-84-85, 86,
88!?, 95-96, 97-98-101, 103-104-105, 107,
109-110-111-113, 116, 118-120, 123, 131-132, 133, 135-136, 141, 147,
150, 153-154-155, 156, 159, 160-161,-162, 166, 167,
173-174, 175, 178, 186-187, 190-193-194, 199, 201-202, 211,
218, 225, 235 (replication, precision-accuracy), 239, 242, 253, 257,
265-266, 268, 272, 273, 277; convergence of search & truth, 175
Ivanov*, Kristo,
(project B&R on Belief & Reason), 4, 12, 24-25, 28, 34, 36, 40, 49, 96,
119, 121 (D'Arcy hierarchy spirit-knowledge), x163!, 172, 173
(love), 174, 176, 196, 200, 203, 204-205
Ivanov*, Kristo, (sub
project A2M on "Method for project Psychology and Computers"),
85, 92!, 139 (mat), 154-155 (Jung-A2psi), 171-172-173, ,
177 (J), 178 (J), (190), 197, 240-241, 243, 245
James, W., 164, 168, 238,
240; cf. pragmatism
judgement, 25, 27,
28, 101-102, 113, 175,
193-194, 202; expert and design judgment, 99; expert judgment, 164; as
reflective intuition, 107; as subjective belief, 114; as intensity of
impression, 119; basis for, 101; ethical imperative mode of, 202; and design, 175; by
inquiring system, 192; of whole system, 193; cf.
decision, intuition, measurement, deliberation
Jung, C.G., (105),
203-204, 205, 244, 261-262, 272, 277, 280, vs. 96, (171); value judgments, 102;
type, 19, 36; psychological attitude, 105; contemporary marriage, 199; Jungian
individuation process, 262; unconscious, (123), see innate ideas (vs.
archetypes), myths, mood; cf. Hillman, (178, 203, 280); cf. collective
unconscious, unconscious, hero, myth, individuation-uniqueness
just-in-time, 165-166; cf.
inventory model
justice, 123; cf. law,
democracy
Kant, 43-44, 70, 87,
106-107, 109-111, 147, 156, 158, 170, 172, 194, 242-243; vs. religion, 242; vs.
Leibnizian IS, 144; transcendental dialectic, 170, 172; and Leibniz and Locke,
144; move from to Hegelian I.S., 265
kill maximizer, 93; cf.
weapon, 73
killer application,
(112)
kinematics, 128,
134-135, 137, 197; and arithmetic and geometry, 197
knowledge, 8-10, 12,
17, 25, 54, 55, 62, 95, 153-155, 189, 200, 203, 233, 276;
intuitive, 25; practical, 5, 11, 13, 18; personal-tacit (cf. heuristic),
101-102, 107, 154; of reality, 204; of science, 200; and love, 203; knowledge
engineering or elicitation, 82-84, 87, 93, 138; as value, 95, 200; value of,
203; as power, 200; as reality and action vs. illusion, 204;
representation, 137; practical, 191; systematization of, 117; vs. politics,
112, 122; striving for, 267; cf. knowledge representation, data, information,
tacit knowledge, knwoledge management, wisdom, politics
knowledge management,
62, 74-75, 117; cf. navigation, inquiring systems (passin the
whole book), knowledge, management
Kuhn-paradigm, (199)
labelling of inputs,
110, 117
laboratory accuracy,
198
labour unions
(MBL-participation), 233
labyrinth, 144
Langefors, B., (THAIS
& systems precedence analysis) 20, 24, 35, 38, 41, 45, 49, 51, 54-55, 63-64,
72-73, 77, 84, 96, 98, 101, 104, 105-106, 118,
130, 134, 136, 139, 161,
(166), 171, 177, 186, 189, 191, 195, 224,
236, 243, 249, 253, 256, 259, 270, 275 (ADB)
language, 102, 104-105, 107,
116, 123-125, (139), 142-143, 145,
148-149, 171, 186, 189, 195, 201-202;
language input, 105, 107, 123 (SAF); empirical, 125; common, 105; of
empiricism and inductive mood, 202; of learning, 201-202: of
measurement, 186; of communication, 124; and action: cf. action; passage from
is to ought, 103, 105, 115, 202; language games, (105); of doubt, 109, 114; of
science, 102; metalanguage and object language, 161; linguistic forms, 145; cf.
communication, conversation, illocutory forces, perlocutory forces, dictionary
law, 74-75, 106, 108, 123,
175, 193, 198, 204, 256; penalty of, 161; law procedures,
106; as analysis of disagreements or politics, 193; and scientific law
(Cranberg), 75, 198; and democracy, 123; cf. justice,
democracy, Thomas A. Cowan
leadership, 196, 200;
cf. management, decision maker, heroes
learning, 17, 56-57,
101, 108, 131, 145-146, 148-149, 173-176, 184,
201, 228, 230-236, 268-269; learning (information system)
vs. organizational activities, 56; as generalization, 108;
objective, 149; as improvement, 153; meaning of, 131;
dialectical, 180; as education, 267-268; as objectivity, (145); and
experimenters, 235; and instruction, 103; and implementation, 235; in science,
228; in society, 228; computer's, 131; expression or language
of, 201-202; as generalization, 108, 111; vs. tacit silent knowledge, 149;
styles of learning or of inquiry, chaps. 2 to 10; dynamic, 112; about reality, 146; and
education, 159-160; as psychic development, 171;
learning systems, 56; by experience, 131; cf. intelligence, knowledge,
generalization, induction, flexibility, progress, cooperation, improvement,
insight, reason vs. intellect, trial and error, education, experience,
understanding, inquiry, sweep in, objectivity, debate, change, revision,
generalization, solution, stooge
Lebenswelt; as living
reality and conviction: cf. life world, phenomenology
legal, judicial
structure, 123
legitimation, cf.
authority, 163-164, 167
Leibnizian inquirers,
36, 62, 66, 69-72, 108, 145, 147, (164), 170, 176, 197; and
Lockean, 230; and Kantian inquirers, 144; generalization of, 197; and Lockean
inquirers, 36, 230; and faith, 242; and unconscious, 265; Leibnizian science,
39-40; Leibnizian formal systems, 30-32, 136
length, measure of,
152, 188
Lenin (Stalin), 253
levels, 11, 74, 76, 77,
91, 113-114, 153, 174, (204); of detail, refinement, 190, 192; of authority or
hierarchy, 76; cf. meta-, hierarchy, organizational
liberalism, 4, 68; cf.
pluralism, chap. (5) passim
libraries, 9, 11, 15,
61-62, 101, 117, 120-121, 128, 267; Alexandrian, 117; cf. data base,
Internet
life, 157, 173, 249,
258; cf. biology, blood, phenomenology
life world, 171-2; cf.
phenomenology
light velocity, 200
likeness, 101, 191; cf.
identification, comparison, sameness, identification
limit (ideal), 257; cf.
environment
limits, 73
Lindblom, C.E., 65-66,
(228), 281
linear programming, 67
linearity; cf. logic,
time, history, Leibnizian IS, vs. hypermedia
links; cf. networks,
chap. (2)
literature, 170; cf.
drama
living reality and
conviction, 171-172
living systems, 39, 41
Locke, J., 154, 169,
180, 183; chap. 5, passim; Lockean IS vs. Leibnizian,
111, 116, 122, 230, 235, 242
Lockean, young
investigator, example, 121
log across the road
example, information vs. action, 164; cf. rock on the road, 114-115; cf.
radarscope speck, 124
logic, 6, 13, 24,
29-30, 37, 60, 70, 81, 83, 85, 92, (94), 102-103,
(105), 108, (110), 113, 123-124, 134, 145, 160-161, 170,
192, 195, 198; symbolic, 6; reconstructed 195, 197-198, 215,
240; inductive, 123; as probability, 113; transcendental, 145;
as sociology, 198; Hegelian, 70; predicate calculus, 108; beyond logic, 192;
logical forms and classes, 108; inbuilt, 108; and contradiction, 70; cf.
Leibnizian inquiring systems passim
logical empiricism, cf.
logical positivism
logical positivism,
134; logical empiricism, 159-160, 166; as inductive logic,
123; cf. "positivism"
logical reconstruction,
13, 195
logical tests, 37
love, 24, 28, (70),
(119), (160), (169), 238, 243, 246, 255, 258, 264, 266 and knowledge, 203; as
agreement, 119; as cooperation, 200; cf. cooperation,
enemy, trust, beauty
machines, 23, 39,
43-45; cf. mechanism, technology
macro, 44
magic square, 142-143
majority, vote, 105,
112; cf. democracy
management information
system, cf. system, Singerian IS, hypersystem
management, 74, (148), 158, 163, 181,
196, 200, 227; as self-consciousness and self-reflection, 158; as science, 74;
and information, 163; and delegation of authority, 163;
fads, 92; of service, 185; and art, social science and physics,
93; and authority, 163-164, 167; cf. implementation, leadership,
performance, metadesigner, self-consciousness, self-reflection, authority,
control, cybernetics, knowledge management
manufacturing, 53-54,
92-93, 166-167; cf. production
market, as
non-separability, 67, 133, 167; marketing as advertising, 167; cf. pluralism,
sales, demand
Mars, unmanned space
laboratory on, 91
marxism, 18, 91-92, 99!, 97
(=Riley), 119 (misunderstanding), 153, (174-175), 184 (participatory); cf.
communism, Lenin, economics-politics-participation-implementation, MBL
Mason, R.O., 180-181,
184, 284
master, and slave, 160;
as servant, 168
materialism; cf.
reality
mathematics, 26, 94,
112-113, 125, 136, 139-140, 142, 192, 195; mathematical logic, (197);
arithmetic, logic
matrices, 125; number
142
maturation or
"mognadsprocess", cf. evolution, improvement, learning, progress
MBL medbestþmmandelagen
(participation act), cf. Hegelian IS, 159-177; implementation, politics
Mead, G.H., (106)
meaning, 9, 28, 30-31,
33, 70, 80, 95, 102, 104, 115, 137,
140, 157-158, 161, 174, 198, 203;
grounds for, 70; of experience, 70; teleological, 171; interpretive, (95); of
variation, 193; as expression of information, 137; significant data, 84;
creation of, see Weltanschauung; cf. understanding, learning, significance,
interpretation, explanation, why, semantic, implementation, evaluation,
reflection, intepretive approach
means, 5, 45, 73, 140,
163, 256; means-ends distinction, 43-46, 269-271; cf.
tool, instrument, action, goal
measurement, 112, 152,
186-205, 257; social, 187-190, 193; and observation, 110, 187;
operational, 187; analysis of variance in, 193; a priori in, 194; authority of,
196; control of, 196; scale, 85-86, calibration of, 191-192; of length, 152,
188; infinite regress in, 188; in Kant's problem, 194; in a Lockean
community, 187, 189; parsimony of (cf. sawmill), 196; partitioning in, 86,
192-193; of performance, 43, 47, 50, 80, 90, 189, 200;
readings and replications, 190-192; of science, 200; and simplicity, 188;
standards in, 186, 188, 189; sweeping-in, 197;
systems, 187-189; units in, 186-189; and utility, 189; of performance, 50-53,
188-189; physical vs. social, 187; economic, 189-190; arbitrariness of unit of,
189; value of, 190; as metric for weighing of end-products (expected value),
46; as readings, 191, 193; cf. data, instrument, quantification, classification,
bias
mechanics, 59, 132,
136, 197; Galilei's, 132; quantum, 197; cf. morphology, function, physical
science
mechanism, 132,
160-161, 168; as imagery, 209-210; mechanist information, 160; cf. structure,
function, morphology, determinism
meditation, cf.
(prayer)
medicine, 51, 223, 256
memory, 6, 100-101,
157; cf. data base
mental models, 153-154,
156-161; mental states, 156-157; cf. representation,
perspective, virtuality, model
message, 118, 136, 144,
159-160; of information-data, 144; cf. information
meta- (cf. levels), 17,
76, 153, 169, 183, 263; cf. hierarchy, metadesigner
metadesigner, 148; as
observer of the subject, 158; as perfect over-observer, 191, (193-194); as
overviewer, 235; cf. self-consciousness, self-reflection, manager
metalanguage, 161
metaphor; 93-94, 141, 143,
147-148; as biased mode of representation, 138-139, 141, cf.
analogy
metaphysical, 122; cf.
ontology
method, 5, 13,
60-63, 72, 91-92, 113, 115-116, 132, 137, 143,
149, 152, 154, 171, 192, 195,
274-275; scientific, 60-63, 113, 115, 154,
190-196; vs. uniqueness, 205; and solution, 143;
qualitative, 192-193; resistance to, 92, 171;
observational-inductive, 115; of proof, (195); trendy, 92; vs. theory, 132; as
input structure vs. theory, 137; critique of logical, 195; and
science vs. politics, 60; resistance against the methodical, 92;
problematic, 143; of measurement, 152; cf.
science, scientific method, research, solution, logical reconstruction,
replication, generalization; dialectics, ethnographic method
metric, of expected value,
45-46; cf. measurement
metrology, chap. (9),
186ff; cf. measurement
Michaelson-Morley
experiment, 135
microbiology, 116
military, intelligence,
97-98, 118-119, 124, 161; cf. strategy, tactics, executive intelligence
Mill, J.S., 113
Miller J.A. (general
systems), 41
mind, 6, 23, 39, 41,
87, 93, 97, 150-151, 197, 261; reflective, 27, 155; state of
mind, 156-157; absolute, 174, 178; constructive, 172-174, supreme objective
174, 176-177; collective, 70, 162, 194, 196; group mind, 68, 197; community of
minds, 97; as brain, 161; psychic development of, 171; reality of or models of,
151; system as mind, 93; cf. introspection, absolute mind,
intelligence-intellect, soul, brain, artificial intelligence
minimal apriori, 125;
cf. apriori
mirage, 157; cf.
virtual
MIS, cf. management
information system
mobile Internet
(ubiquitous computing): representation in, 134-137; as adjustment of readings
in time and space, 195-196; problems of identification
and individuation, 37; as distance work, 13; cf. communication, inventory
model, distributed intelligence, individuation, identification
modalities of
propositions, cf. moods
modalities of thought,
and of systems, 197-199; cf. disciplines, sweep-in, apperception
model, 51, 133, 142-144,
147-148, 165; model building, 147, 165-166; input model, 140,
142-143, 147-148; normative, 133, mental, 99, 103-106, 154, 156-161; cf.
user model, mental model, system, simulation, image, perspective
modernism; cf.
progress, optimism, enlightenment, postmodernism
modus tollens, 40
mognad, cf. maturation
molecular structure, in
mass spectrometry, 81
molecular biology, 197;
cf. biology
monad, Leibnizian, 30,
35-36, 39, 41, 75, 77, 93, (162), (168), 212
monism, 67-68, 71; cf.
pluralism, PPB
monitoring; cf.
control, management
monkey brain (example),
23
mother; archetype of
the Great Mother, 244; cf. archetype
mood or modalities of
propositions (indicative, imperative, counterfactual conditional,
interrogative), 102; cf. indicative, imperative
mood, 173, 182,
202-204, 205; cf. attitude, feeling, hero, Jung, Hillman, indicative mood
morality, 24, 200, 202;
and expertise, 163; vs. benefit, 250; and design, 249; and information, 163; in
Kant, 255; cf. ethics
morphological class,
44, 214; cf. function
mother; nature), 238;
and quarreling sons example, 174
motive, good reason,
181; cf. cause, teleology, goal-objective
multidisciplinary
research, 74; cf. interdisciplinarity, inquiring systems passim
multimedia, cf.
sensation, system, hypermedia, postmodernism, anti teleology, ateleology,
Leibnizian IS, fact nets, hypermedia, hypertext, World Wide Web; as Lockean
"five modes of sensation", 100
multimodal inquiry,
196-198; systems thinking, 75-76; cf. sweeping-in,
transdisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, apperception, aspects, perspectives;
Herman Dooyeweerd, Donald De Raadt
multiperspective
approach; cf. sweeping-in
mysticism, (58), 237,
249, 252, 265; cf. unconscious, intuition
myth, (96), 178, 203-204, 243-244, 245n;
progress as, 178; cf. narrative, drama, epos, hero, Jung, fantasy, imagination
narrative, 32, 174-177-178,
180; as epic, 174, 176-178, 182, 270; as story telling, drama, 177-178; and
accuracy, 178; vs. science, 178; as stories of the world, 32; cf. discourse,
Weltanschauung, conversation, play, theater, epic, metaphor, myth, drama, Jung,
story, postmodernism
NASA, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, viii-ix, 91; cf. space mission; Mars, and
whole book, passim
natural image, 191, 194-195,
197-198; cf. Weltanschauung, world
nature, 238, 260, 268,
275, 276; natural science, 159, 209-212
navigation, in library
(also as Internet analogy), 62, 117, 121; as visual recognition, 142; as input
structuration, 142; as art, 93-94; cf. retrieval of information, space-time,
representation, solution, knowledge management
need, vs. demand,
166-167; cf. purpose
negotiation, 174; vs.
authorization, 196; cf. arbitrator, agreement, debate, bargaining, conflict,
facilitator
network, 9, 104, 108,
111, 196; as network organization, 196, 200
and cf. centralization, decentralization; cf. hypermedia, anti teleology,
ateleology, tree, Leibnizian inquiring system (chap. 3 and fact nets),
Internet, World-Wide-Web, actor network ANT
neural nets, as
induction machines 26; 119, 156; as induction from observation, 87, 123-124; cf.
Lockean IS, learning, intelligence, artificial intelligence
neuro-science, 75,
156-157
news, cf. attention
Newton, I., 204
Newton-syndrome, 19,
64, 69, 123
Newtonian mechanics,
136
node; cf. object (chap.
5), network (chap. 2)
nominalism, as
conventionalism, 72
nomos, laws in Greek,
80
nonconventional, 119;
cf. conventional
nonlinearity; cf.
system, hypermedia, hypersystem, postmodernism, debate, browsing
normal observer, 101;
cf. competence
normative models, vs.
descriptive, 133; ; cf. imperative mood, ought, is-ought,
action, ethics
notitia, cf. attention
nourishment, cf.
cookery
nuclear physics, 116
number matrices, 142
numerical analysis,
(140)
object orientation,
149, 160, 166; as mechanical information, 159
object, 11, 70,
72, 82, 104, 124, 131,
149, 160, 162, 192, 196, 255, (274); definition of, 109;
as entity, 106; as identification-individuation, 128; vs. measurement of, 191, 196;
orientation, 106, 160; subject as, 150, 156;
object language, 161; teleological object: cf. implementation
objectivity, 63, 70,
71, 114, 118-119, 125, 145-146, 149, 166, 157-158,
175; and reality, 146, 158; of Lockean inquirers, 125; as
design separability, 54; objective learning, 149; as agreement, 150; and
debate, 162, 175; cf. learning, absolute mind, truth,
reality, otherness
observation, 40, 60-61,
87, 96-97, 102, 110, 112-113, 115, 119, 122, 125, 138-139,
146, 149-150, 153, 159, 166, 168, 189-191, 198;
observational process, 97; design of, 119; what to observe and teleological
information, 166; direct, 154; participant, 159-160, 184; accuracy of, 154;
reporting of, 157; as a reading, 190-191; participant, 156; and adjustment of
readings, 195; and hypotheses, 193-194;
directing an observation, 112-113; history of, 191; adjusting observations,
194-196, perfect observer, 111-112; and measurement, 110, 187; inference from,
87, 152; independent, 191; cf. input, sensation, perception, attention,
measurement, perfect observer; counter-instance, ethnographic method
observer, 6, 40, 101,
106, 146, 150-151, 153, 159; as user, 156,
independence of, 191-192; of an observer, 146-147, 150-151, 158, 172, 235;
representation, 159; as a synthesis, 173; perfect or normal, 40, 101, 111,
150-153, 159, 191; training of, 198; neutral facilitator, 159; observed as an
object, 150; designer as, 150;
over-observer: cf. metadesigner, manager, aspect, perspective
obsolescence, of
inventory, 165; cf. (Swedish) lager inkurans
obviousness, 98
Ockham's razor, 72, 138
ontological
transformations, as maximal apriori, 138-144
ontology, 28, 34, 69,
76, 144-147, 160; ontological commitment or
assumptions, 144-145, 191-192; as existence, 69, 72,
76, 78; and epistemology, 76; in pragmatic sense, 78;
essences, 28; ontological status of sense impressions, 72; in the improper
sense of predication, (103); cf. reality, assumptions, essence, existence, interpretive,
phenomenology, ontological transformations, virtuality, metaphysics
operationism and
operational definitions, (115), 153, 186-188
operations research,
166
operating system, cf.
executive
opinion poll, 170-171,
183-184
opinion, 114, 154, 162,
184; opinion survey, 106, 184: cf. subjectivity, conviction
opportunity cost, 165,
167-168, 170; cf. cost
opposition, 173; cf.
conflict
oppression, 163; cf.
alienation, power
optical character
recognition, OCR, 26
optimism, 202;
self-awareness, production-cooperation-progress, 178, 186
optimization, 67, 94, 152; 171,
182; and satisficing, 51; as maximization of utility, 263; cf.
satisfactoriness, improvisation
ordering, 152, 155,
192; cf. ranking
ordinality and
cardinality, in measurement, 152; cf. preferences
organism, 197; cf.
biology
organization, 72, 77,
97; theory, 72, 77; studies, 133, 170-171; and standard costs, 66; study of,
170-171; of knowledge, 97; and information system, 121;
social, 97; network or horizontal, 196, 200;
organizational behavior, 133; cf. system passim
original, cf.
individuation, uniqueness, replication
otherness, 104, 151, 158,
(161), 177; cf. uniqueness,objectivity, identification, diversity, difference,
sameness, introspection
ought, 52, 74, 133,
195, 201; and how-what, 195; cf. ethics, is-ought, imperative, normativity
outliers, statistical,
(111-112), 194
output, vs. input, 137;
cf. input
outsourcing, 165-167
overviewer, 235; cf.
metadesigner
owner, of problem, 146
paradigm, 15,
39-40, 85, 111-113, 194, (198), 199; paradigmatic science, 39; cf. culture,
scientific paradigm as style of inquiry
paradox 135; systems
analysis', 217; 255; of teleological information, 164
Pareto-optimality, 152
parsimony, 72, 138,
196; design of, 134, 138; and economy, 124, 141; in measurement (cf. sawmill),
196; in generalization, 84-90, 114; cf. simplicity, economy, richness
parsing, 20, 30, 34,
36, 81, 142-143, 147
part, of system, 50, 56; cf.
subsystem, component
parti, such as basic
general scheme of an architectural design, as generation of a conviction, 171;
as an apriori, 143; as hypothesis creation in design, 116; cf. reflective
intuition, imagination, design
participation, 196,
201, 250; and hierarchy, 77;
participant observation, 159-160, 184; lack of, 159; cf. MBL, dialectics,
democracy, implementation, cooperation, politics
particular, vs. the
general: cf. implementation, action, situated action; cf. generalization,
judgment
partitioning, 85-87,
112, 175, 190, 192-194; cf. precision,
interpolation, disagreement
passion, 171-173; cf.
conviction
past-future, 110, 153,
160, 166; history, 166; unchangeability of, 160; cf. history, forecast,
prediction, time
past generations,
160-161, 201; cf. history, time
path, 140
pattern, 5, 27, 26, 100,
123-124, 126, 138-140, 150, 173; recognition, 94, 100, 124-125,
140, 142, 150; cf. image, optical character recognition
peace, 71, 173-174,
(188); cf. cooperation, conflict
peer review, 15, 35, 101ff, 162, 221;
hearings, 272; as collective subjectivity 58-59; cf.
expert, agreement, consensus
Peirce, C.S., (187),
cf. pragmatism
perception, 26, 30, 75,
103, 112, 123, 138-139, 142, 144, 155; selective, 171; as interpretation of
sensation, 194; vs. sensation, 125; cf. sensation, observation
perfect observer, 40,
111-112, 150-153, 159, 191; cf. observer, politics of science
perfection, 73; cf.
quality, completeness
performance, 91; of
standard, 188-189; cf. measurement, purpose, function and functionality,
evaluation, cost-benefit
perlocutory forces; cf.
pragmatism
personal knowledge,
150-151, 153-154, 173; cf. tacit knowledge, silent knowledge, community
knowledge
perspective, 75, 111,
118, 125-127, 139, 142-144, 149, 153,
155, 158-159, 168-169, 170-172, 174,
175-177, 183, 194, 198; teleological, 168; narrow or broad, 174; as state of
mind, 156-159; transperspectivism, 75; as psychological attitude, 105; as ways
of looking, 159; as conviction, 172; as structuration of inputs, 142; vs.
truth, 143-144; and world-view or natural image, 194, 196; as
apperception, 73-75; as input strategy of an a priori, 137-145; as Singerian
natural image, 191, 194; ; as imageries of nature, 191, 194-195, 209-212; cf.
aspect, Weltanschauung, apriori, apperception, (point of) view, observation,
model, (Kantian) representation, impression, interpretation, opinion, system
PERT program evaluation
and review technique, and CPM critical path method, as project management,
92-93
phenomenal-phenomenology
(cf. ateleology), 139, 151, 157, 158; phenomenal world, 138-139
phenomenological
approach, 144-145, 151, 153-155, 158-159,
177, 257; and truth, 257; cf. interpretive approach, hermeneutics, Lebenswelt
phenomenon, 139; cf.
event, observation, reality
philosophy, of science
and language, 195; and passim
photographical plate,
scratches on (example), 137
psychic development,
170-171
physical science, 116,
137, 192, 197-198, 210; and art, management and social science, 93; geometries
of physicists, 137; physic's data, 137; cf. Newton, Galilei, Newtonian
mechanics, relativity theory
Piaget, J., 102
picture, 20, 151; of
alternative actions or Weltanschauung, 169; rich picture, 71-72; cf. image,
vision, pattern
planner, cf. designer
planning, 48, 67, 74,
77; dialectic, 180; difficulty of, and design, 153; cf. design, management,
hierarchy
Plato, 18, 36, 41n, 67,
78, (139); on memory and recognition, (101); and pre-Socratic 41; Platonism,
41n
plausibility, 171
play, 125, 138-139,
203-204, 235, 241, 254; cf. drama, gambling, game, humor, narrative, epic, myth
pluralism, 25, 68, 71-73,
78, 92-93, 105, 111; as plurality, 105; and diversity, 204; cf.
agreement, democracy, monism, pluralism, relativism, liberalism, values, actor
network, polytheism, postmodernism, chap (5) and chap. (7) passim
PoincarŽ, 28
point of view, 75; cf.
perspective
policy, of research,
122; cf. strategy
political science,
59-60
politics, 58-60, 68-78
esp. 74, 106, 119-120, 122-123, 172-173,
184-185, 193-194, 200, 217, 220, 222-225; 270;
and scientific method, 60-61; and subjectivity, 120; and
information, 122; vs. knowledge or science, 112, 122, 247; as analysis of
disagreement, 193; and implementation, 66, 233; and the
state, 204; inquiry of, 58-59, 217, 247; as myths, 96; as incrementalism, 66;
political consciousness, 184-185; of research or science, 88, 122,
180-181; of science, 58-59, 111, 122, 180-181, 193-194; and
cost of empirical research, 120; cf. agreement,
disagreement, general will, pluralism, democracy, power, cooperation, conflict
pollution, 144, 202;
cf. ecology
Polya, 28
polytheism, 73
Popper, K., (136),
(199); cf. validation, error
popular science, 8,
271
positivism, 51, 60-61,
81, 102, 108, 110, 114-115, 119-120, 122-123, 125, 129, 132-134, 142, 145-146;
160-161, 164, 195, 197-198; logical, 134, 160, 195; in evolutionary
development, 63; as inductive logic, 110, 123; logical, 159; cf.
agreement, conventional, logical positivism, database
possibility, 161
postmodernism, 32,
(36), 40, 49, 68, (71), (95), (168), 170, (177), 178, 187, 189,
(196), 203-204, 217, 276; as progress-process, 40-41,
203-205; as anti thinking, 177-178, 255; as subjectivism, 153; as process, 203-204; cf.
anti-thinking, anti teleology, anti-planning, ateleology, romanticism,
pluralism, antinomy, relativism, skepticism, subjectivity hypermedia,
multimedia, progress vs. process, sensation (as surrogate of feeling), feeling,
unconscious, narrative or epic
poverty, 144, 178,
181-182
power, 6, 58-59, 68,
73, 112, 119-120, 160-161, 185, 196, 216-217, 219ff, 232-236; as
enabling value, 200; as value and ethics 73, 200; of a
central agency, 68; as cooperation, 200; as centralization, 68; veto power,
111-112; cf. politics, cooperation, agreement, oppression, alienation, monism,
pluralism, democracy, authority, responsibility
PPB (program planning
and budgeting), 67, 92-93, 226; cf. systems
planning, monism, strategic-tactical
practice, 13, 166-167,
225; community of, 167; practice-praxis, 171; practical knowledge, 191; work
practice, 166; cf. reality, pragmatism, empiricism
practitioner,
reflective, 155; cf. implementation, practice
praxis, 166
pragmatism, 11,
120-122, 168, 225; as making a difference, 164; in
research politics, 122; cf. Dewey, J., James, W.
prayer, 243; cf.
religion, faith
precedence (cf.
Langefors), 134
precision, 175, 196; as
refinement, 86, 190-191, 196; cf. accuracy, partitioning,
Ivanov (project AVH quality)
predicate calculus, 108
predication, 86, 103-106,
201
prediction, 110, 131,
153, 165; cf. forecast, regularity, causality, purpose
preferences, 152, 155;
cf. ranking
prejudice, 159; cf.
apriori
preparedness, 170
presuppositions, 110,
124, 131, 133, 141, 184, 190; background presuppositions, 125; cf. assumptions,
a priori
primitives, vs. logic,
198
price, 67
pricing, and
advertising, 167
priority, of purposes,
73
privacy, 123, 151, 155,
161, (162), 173, 178, (220); cf. Ivanov (project SAF)
private knowledge, cf.
personal knowledge
probability 32, 45, 105,
108-109, 113, 153, 201, 211, 214,
252; subjective vs. objective, 153; cf. risk, uncertainty, random, statistics,
and logic of
problem, 146;
social 181; and the a priori, 138; of representation, 125; formulation, 146,
171, 195; solution, 138, 146, 254; solving machines, 38-39; problem owner, 146;
cf. representation, learning, input, solution, method
process; endless, 199;
vs. progress, 203-205; inner, 107; cf. change, action, function, progress,
postmodernism, ateleology, anti teleology
producer-product, 8,
44-46, 51; potential, 44-45, 4; inquiry as production, 141
product, vs. service,
185
production, industrial
manufacturing, 53-54; cf. manufacturing
production, inquiry as,
141
production-science-cooperation
trilogy, 202; and progress, 203
productivity, 137; cf.
efficiency, effectiveness, parsimony, measure of performance
professions, 74
professors and
dissenting students (example), 199
profit, 124, 167; cf.
cost and benefit, measure of performance
program 6, 103, 126; as
a system, 90-91, as Leibnizian processors, 30-32; as project management, 92-93;
as instruction, 103, 115; vs. database, 202; and
data 102-103; cf. PPB, imperative, is-ought
progress, 39-40, 153,
175-178-179, 186-205, 201-204, 229, 245, 248, 254; measure
of, 189; defined as client, decision maker, and designer are the same, 201; in
monism, 71; as myth, 178; vs. process, 203-204;
progression of sciences, 39, 198; as adjustment of changing object, 196; as
revolution of counter-theories, 199; non-linear, 202-203;
cf. absolute mind, optimism, change, postmodernism, learning
project management,
92-93; cf. PPB, PERT
proof, 195; vs.
discovery, 195; cf. validity, verification
property, 78, 99-100,
108; maximum, 34, 73; of object, 150; cf. attribute, predicate, partitioning
prototype, cf. simulation,
hypothesis, thesis, test, model, grov bild - coarse picture, vs. skarp miljš
psi, stands for
psychology
psychic development,
171
psychoanalytic
knowledge, (97), 155
psychology (psi), 75,
103, 133, 155-157, 160, 197, 204-205; as attitude, 105; and religion, 265; cf.
mind, sensation, perception, emotion, feeling, conscious, unconscious
Ptolemaic theory, 196;
cf. Copernican revolution, astronomy, apriori
public 176-177,
180-183; well-informed citizen, 176-177, 269; as community knowledge, 154; cf.
democracy
public opinion,
162-163, 176
purpose, 5, 46-47, 69,
71, 73, 88, 163, (171), 214, 226, 246, 250; cf. teleology,
end, goals, objectives, will, desire
puzzle, 139, 143; cf.
problem, solution
qualitative method,
113, 115, 120-121, 138, 152, 192-193, 255;
as empiricism, 113-114; vs. quantitative, 152; cf.
ethnographic studies, measurement, quality, quantification, descriptive,
interviews
quality, 12, 65, 73,
146, (165), 192-194, 266; as value, 190; (total) quality
control, 65, 165, 193-196; as reliability of data, 10, 84; cf. total quality
management, evaluation, improvement, learning, evaluation, quantity, tolerance,
satisfactoriness, perfection, completeness
quantification,
quantitative method, 112-113, 192-193; cf. measurement
quantum mechanics, 197;
cf. physical science
questioning, 87; cf.
explanation, interpretation, understanding, why, interview
qui custodiet
custodium, 135; cf. watchdog
radarscope, speck on,
124
rain today (example)
31-32
random, 120, 199, 211,
252-253; cf. probability, statistics
ranking, 46; of
entities, 73; of preferences, 152; cf. ordering; net ranking
rational (cf. reason),
62-64, 69, 96, 170, 256, 258, 260
rationale, cf.
evidence, commitment, explanation, understanding, proof
rationalism, 40-41, 70,
96
rationality; and
reality, 176-177; cf. inquiry passim, reason, truth,
Weltanschauung, perspective, aspect, privacy, public, pluralism, personal
knowledge
raw data, 99, 137; cf.
basic data
reaction, 43-46, 118,
159, 164, 168; cf. stimulus, action, response, interaction
reaction-response,159,
168; cf. action-activity
reaction-time, of
observers, 197; cf. Bessel
reactionary, 17, 173,
204; cf. conservative
readings, 191, 193; cf.
measurement
real, realism, and
ideal-idealism, 19, 35, 178, 199; common sense, 19
reality, 13, 41,
68-69, 72, 76, 78, 90, (96), 97-98, 122-123,
128, 139, 146, 148, 151,
157-158-160, 175, 178,
183-184, 186, 189-190-191, 196, 199,
204; social, 183; as agreement, 191; as corresponce, 160;
representation of, 176; of knowledge, 204; of inputs, 123;
three images-visions, 213; of whole systems, 68-69, 76;
living reality, intervention and participation in, 171-172, 183; database as
image of, 160; as ontological commitment, 191; as realistic problem solving,
143; of the mind, 151; vs. illusion, 204; cf. truth, ontology, objectivity,
Weltanschauung, virtuality, virtual reality, empiricism
reason, unconstrained,
170, 172; good reason or motive, 181; cf. thinking
reception of
information, 100, 106-107, 128; cf. input, data collection
receptivity, 145
recognition, 101-102,
107, 125, 138, 145; cf. reflection, cognition
recurrence-recursivity
(cf. infinite regress, vicious circle, self-reference), 178, 188
recursive, 25, 169,
199; as infinite regress, 168, 178, 188; as endless process, 199; in
experiments, 132, 135; recursive property of intuition, 25; cf. regression,
vicious circle
redefining of terms
(cf. translation), 105
reductio ad absurdum,
136
reductionism, 75, 161
redundancy, 161
reengineering,
workflow, 14, 52, 124, 141,
165-167, 174; as revision of apriori, 194-195; as management
fad, 92-93; cf. coconstruction, evolution; redesign, 247; as system
reconstruction, 67; cf. downsizing, change, incrementalism, cost reduction,
action, activity, revision, management information systems MIS
refinement, 87, 190, 191,
192; cf. partitioning, detail, precision,
accuracy, reliability, rough picture, grov bild, approximation, classification
reflection, 17, 22, 28,
30, 100, 107, (112), 148, 155, 238; a priori, 129; in Lockean IS, 100, 107;
self-reflection, 158; reflective intuition, 107; in action, 155; cf.
self-examination, self-reflection, meaning, trial and error
reflective
practitioner, 155; cf. self-reflection, management, action, separability; cf.
Schšn, D.
refutation, 149; cf.
confirmation, doubt
region, cf. subsystem
parts or components in chap. 3
regularity, 110; cf.
replication, forecast, causality
relation, 50
relational logic, 34;
cf. entity relationship
relativism, (95),
136, (144)-145, (196), 203-204; against relativism, 174,
276; cf. postmodernism, perspectives, aspects, virtuality, anti-thinking
relativity, special
theory of, 136
relevance, 32, 84-85, 88, 98, 125-126,
138, 142, 165, 167, 171-172, 175; of information, 171; of
input, 142; cf. attention, accuracy
reliability of data or
information, 84, 97, 109, 113, 156, 160, 162; cf. accuracy, precision, quality,
credibility
religion, 34, (40), vs.
70, 96, 98, 155, 163, 171, 172, 174, 176-177, 205,
237-238, 244, 249, 251; and theodicy, 36; and inquiring system, 264; and
psychology, 265; and authority, 196; imagery of, 243; of inquiring systems,
237-246; and science, 219, 229, 237, 239; cf.
God, Church, ethics, theology, hope, faith, trust, guarantor
repertoire, of
patterns, 140, 169; of responses, 197; of experience, 170; as catalogue of
opportunities, 197-198; cf. system, resources, database, classification, types,
archetypes, metaphors
repetition, cf.
replication
replication, 154, 132,
190-192, 198-199, 235, 255; of observations, 85; cf. precision, experiment,
method, regularity, forecast, (duplication)
reporting, of
observations, 157; cf. data collection
repository, of
information; cf. data base, memory
representation, 116, 125-127, 139,
158-160, chap. 6, passim; mode of, 156-157; cf.
mental model, reality, perspective
requirements, demand,
167
research &
development Ð R&D, 263; dialectics of, 180-184, process, 83, 60-61, 64,
180-181
research, 60-62, 90-91,
190-202; system politics of, 58-59, 122, 180, basic, 244; as an
exploitative term, 221; and God, 244; interdisciplinary, 198; management of,
74; pure, 120; as a system, 60, 90; automation of, 115-116; and development
R&D, 180; design of, 91; method of, 91-92, 116; policy or design, 91; cf.
science, learning, scientific method, politics policy
researcher, young, 121;
cf. research, science, designer, planner
resources, 43, 47-48;
resource allocation, 67, 156; resources preferences; cf. cost, input,
effectiveness
response-reaction, 157,
159, 164, 168; cf. activity, action, reaction, interactivity, stimulus
response repertoire, 156-157,
170; cf. chap. (2) on fact nets, chap. (3) functional and
teleological classes, action, stimulus, teleology
responsibility, 63; cf.
autonomy, power
responsiveness, cf.
action-response, Hegelian IS, commitment, vs. alienation
restlessness, 199-200;
cf. contentment, hero, don Juan syndrome, contentment, postmodernism,
relativism
retrieval, 121; cf.
navigation, data base
reverse engineering,
(171)
revision, 194, 199;
as adjustment, 196; cf. change
revolution, 173, 182, 204; cf.
change, reactionary
rhetoric, (182-184);
cf. aesthetics, drama, narrative, conversation, agreement, conviction
rich; data, 142;
description, of data 120, 138, 140; representation of data, 126,
138, 141; design, 143, communication, 122; analogy, 143; of information, 138
rich analogy, 143; cf.
metaphor
richness, of
information as comprehensiveness of picture, 138; of
representation, 141
rich solution, 72, 98,
146; synthesis, 182; representation, 141; information, 98; experience, 170; cf.
parsimony, minimal vs maximal apriori
right feeling, (155);
cf. feeling, conviction, aesthetics, romanticism
risk, 124; and
uncertainty, 153; cf. probability, doubt, uncertainty
Rittel, H., 180n
rock on the road
example, 114-115
role; cf. actor,
designer, planner, decision-maker, client, human dimension, social
Romanticism, 151,
(153), 155, 158, (159), 170-171; 173, 177-178; as
anti teleology of the designer, 249; as neo-romanticism, (203); source of in
Kant, 170; as primacy of the subjective, 151, as action life vs. grey theory,
204; cf. aesthetics, intuition, feeling, anti teleology, ateleology, feeling,
subjectivism
Rousseau, J-J., cf.
general will
rules, 22-23, 125-126;
of games, 138, 204; rules generating system, 187; no rules, 204; application of
partitioning rule, 193; cf. norms, values
rumour spread, 92
sacrifice, 250
SAF; cf. Ivanov,
project SAF
sailing example, and
smaller mind, 11
Saint Thomas, of
Aquinas, 18
sale, 133, 184-185;
sales statistics forecast, 133; demand, 166; cf. market
same-another, 101, 151;
cf. individuation, identification, likeness
sample estimate, 124
sampling, 85, 88, 111, 124;
stratified, (197); statistical vs. complete count, 85; and completeness of
empirical inquiry, 120, 124; cf. statistics
SAP, as management fad,
93-93; cf. management information systems MIS
satisfactoriness,
satisficing, 24, 51, 64-65, 80-82, 90, 111, 121, 124, 140, 146,
161, 167, 176, 189, 191, 199, 202,
211, 253; as degree of confirmation, 80; as complacency, 199; cf.
accuracy, optimization, solution, measure of performance, simplicity,
tolerance, understanding, politics, negotiation, improvisation, optimization
savings, and costs,
124,
sawmill example, 166-
167, 187, 189; as simplicity of measurement, 196; cf. generalization,
parsimony
scalar quantity, 86
scenarios, cf. vision,
image, simulation, narrative, hypothesis, thesis
schema, 80
Schšn, D., (155); cf.
reflection, self-reflection, action, pragmatism, Dewey, design, trial and
error, ateleology, anti teleology
science, 10, 39, 60,
74-75, 80, 91, 105, 149, 154, 158-159, 192, 195,
197-198, 203, 219, 224 (intern.), 225, 273; political and social
aspects of, 122; politics of, and philosophy or sociology, 58-59, 193-194;
hierarchy or progression of sciences, 197-198;
biological social humanistic behavioral, 210; and religion, 219; as
story telling or narrative, 178; language of, 102; scientific method, 154;
esoteric vs. exoteric, 60; formal, 129; cf. method, replication, research
scientific
comunication, 61; research method
scientific management,
74
scientific method, 13,
72, 85, 112, 116, 154, 195, 268; as design system and
politics, 58-61; cf. method, objectivity, explanation,
validation, research, ethnographic method, qualitative method
scientism, 60
scratches on
photographical plate (example), 137
Searle, cf. action
language
search,
"engines", 101
security, 73, 161, 173,
204; as watchdog, 150; of data, 161; cf. guarantor,
secrecy, control, watchdog
self, 151; and
fact as alienation of, 161; cf. interpretive, dialectic
self-analysis, 129,
249, 265
self-consciousness;
(129), 151, 158, 186, 194, 213, 236, 241, 243, 249; in agreement, 194;
cf. consciousness, autopoiesis
self.-contradiction,
31; cf. contradiction
self-control, 196
self-deception, cf.
illusion
self-examination, 107;
of an apriori, 129; cf. (self)-reflection
self-knowledge, 204
self-reflection, (129),
158, (168), 175; self-reflective paradox, 148; cf. reflection,
self-consciousness, self-examination, self-analysis
semantics, 9, 10, 21,
30-31, 33, 102, 123, 144-145, 159-161; cf.
meaning, object, language, communication, connotation or intension, denotation
or extension, semiotics, pragmatics and syntax
semiotics, 159-160;
logical syntax vs object semantics vs. use pragmatics, as syntax cf. chap. 2,
semantics cf. chap. 5, pragmatics cf. chap. 7; cf. semantics, object, meaning,
individuation, pragmatism, symbol, observer
sensation, 97, 99-100, 102-103,
105, 119, 128, 131-132, 138-139, 151, 153-155, 158, 194,
261-263, 265; subjective, 152; vs. perception, 125; intensity of, 152; as
surrogate of feeling (cf. hypermedia), 264-265; cf. perception, feeling,
postmodernism, anti teleology, ateleology
sense; cf. sensation,
meaning, understanding, argumentation, conviction, semantics, design,
dialectics (chap. 7); sense data, immediacy of, 155
sensuous intuition,
106, 131, 144-145, 158, 170; vs. cognition, 145; sensuous inputs, 170; cf.
perception, sensation, observation, data
separability, 111, 114,
120, 122, 133, 145-146, 164-165,
167, 177, 224, 270-271; of observational subsystems, 110, 122-123; of apriori
problems, 130; of designer, 146; cf. components,
system, subsystems, hierarchy
service management, 185
set theory, Boolean
algebra, 192
sex, 266; cf. love,
feelings, biology
shame, 264
Shannon, C., (161)
shift-and-drift or
function-creep, 5, 14, 45-46, 51-52, 63, 65, 83,
93, 153, 203, 205; as a function of the
designer, 150; cf. function creep, evolution, trial and
error, change, adaptive systems, flexibility, implementation, sweeping-in,
ateleology, situated action, improvisation, bricolage
significance, of data,
84; level, 112; of variation, 193; cf. meaning, relevance
silent knowledge, cf.
personal knowledge, tacit knowledge
Simmons, R.F., 26,
(71), 281
Simon, H.A.,
(46), 65, 80, 83, 95-96, 139-140, 153, (176), 253
simplicity, 19-20, 21,
24-25, 29, 37, 72, 96, 99ff, 103-105, 108,
113, 133, 136, 137-140, 141; and clarity, 24;
and the a priori, 137; design of, 99; in design, 78; of formal theory, 96; and
generalization, 127; of inputs, 97; in measurement, 188; of observation, 96;
simple systems, 78; as parsimony vs. economy or effectiveness, 138, 141;
economic value of, 138-139; cf. clarity-clearness, parsimony, complexity
simulation, 142; cf,
virtual reality, reality, measurement, virtual
Singer, Jr., E.A.,
viii, 44, 46, 83, 85-86, 105, 119, (144), 146, 175, 178,
186, 199, 230, 281; vs. Leibniz, 197-198
SIS/RAS, 83, 89, 92,
93, 120-121
situated action, 5; as
situational knowledge, 11; implying a metric to weigh the end-products of
outomes, 46; why, 153; in context, see systems; cf.
action, function (functional and teleological classes), Weltanschauung,
implementation, shift-and-drift, improvisation, bricolage
skarp miljš, 192; cf.
test, reality, hypothesis, thesis, simulation, picture, prototype, coarse
picture
skepticism, 131-132,
134, 152-153; cf. doubt, improvisation, postmodernism, relativism, Hume
sketching, 20
so-what, 164, 166,
172-173; cf. why-not
social, 5, 8, 14, 97, 101,
104-105, 107, 118, 187, 193; and economics, 124; problems, 181; social science,
151, 181, social measurement, 189-190
social actor, cf.
(teleological) entity, (sub) system, action, teleology
social organization,
97; cf. system
social science, 68; and
art, management and physica, 93
socialism, and fascism,
68
sociology, 120, 197;
logic as, 198; of science, 193
Socratic (pre-),
41 (Anaxagoras)
software, cf. program;
software packages, 116, 118
solipsism, 105,
150-151, 153; cf. Berkeley
solution, 81, 139-143; 146-148,
150-151, 185, 195, 230-236; and computer, 197;
problematic, 143; impossible in real systems, 143; cf.
method, satisfactoriness, problem, stooge, learning
soul, (204); cf. mind
source, of data, 153
space mission, NASA, 91;
space probes 116
space-time, see
time-space
specialization, 123, 124-125,
176; cf. expert
spectacles, example,
142
spectrometer, 81ff, 116
speculation, 18; cf.
reflection
speech acts; cf. action
language, ought, is-ought, illocutory forces, perlocutory, imperative,
(Austin), (Searle), Habermas
Spinoza, 25, 69, 71-72,
77
spirituality, (204);
cf. religion, God, values, ethics, culture, emotions, intuition, intelligence,
mood, conviction, individual, mind, knowledge, creativity; vs. reality, anti
thinking
stability, 191, 196;
cf. change
standard deviation,
200n
standards, 6, 11, 40,
112, 110, 186-189, 195-196, 198; as convention, 114;
adjustment, 196; as apriori or mode of receiving
information, 137; cf. measurement, calibration
standpoint, cf. aspect,
viewpoint, attitude, perspective
state government, and
politics, 204; cf. politics
states, of nature , cf.
morphological classes, 159, 166; of mind, 99-103, 118-119, 151, 153
statistics, 6, (32),
37, (61), 65, (74), (80), 84-86, 90-93, 105, 109, 110-113-116,
120, 124, 132-133, 134, 153, 161, 183,
188, 192-193, 197, 211-212, 235, 238;
likelihood ration, 90; and variances in standard costs, 66; misuse of, 112;
outliers in, 111-112; measures of confidence, 111; regression or least mean
squares analysis, 112; sample estimate, 120, 124; statistical experiment,
183-184, 192-194; statistical variance, 193; computerized,
112; statistical inference, 92; statistical method, 132; statistical
correlation vs. causality, 131; standard deviation, 200n;
cf. language of doubt, hypothesis testing, probability, uncertainty, sampling
stewardship, cf.
adaptative, evolution, learning, revision, reengineering, change
stimulus, -response,
97, 102, 151, 154, 156-157, 159, 163-164, 168; cf.
reaction, input-output, black box
stochastic, cf. random
stock, cf. inventory
stock market, 212
stooge, example and
experience of implementation in education, 230-236
story telling, 178,
180, 270-271; cf. narrative
strategy, 87, 139-140,
171, 192-196, 202; vs. tactics of science, 195-196;
strategy, 183-185; strategic I.S., 170-171; strategy vs. authority, 196; and
agreement, 105; cf. ideals, tactics
stratified sampling,
(197)
structure, 45; of
information or data, 137; tree structure, 144; cf. morphology, mechanism,
determinism
styles, 170, 266;
repertoire of, 177; as form of individual expression, 267-268; styles of
inquiry, chaps. 2 to10; cf. repertoire, paradigm, aesthetics, culture
subject, 106; -object,
158; cf. inquirer, entity, object
subjective probability,
114
subjectivism and
subjectivity, (58), 63, 107, 114-115, 119-120, 151-159, 177,
(196), 203-204; intersubjectivity, 149; subjective sensation, 152; in
design, 63; collective, 58; subjective belief as judgment, 114; of
tastes, 266; cf. objectivity, perspectives, relativism, postmodernism, romanticism,
solipsism
substance, 69, 77,
106
subsystems, components,
7-8, 43, 49-60, 67, 77-78, 167; cf. part, component, unit, separability
success, 47, 85, and
failure, 139; cf. evaluation, measure of performance, cost-benefit, ethics,
failure
summaries, of inquiring
systems, 20-21, 37, 70, 95 chaps. (5)-(10), 111, 118-119, 144, 176-177, 194,
197, 243; Leibnizian and Lockean compared, 111, 116; Lockean and Kantian
apriori compared, 134; Kant, Leibniz and Locke, 144; this book
supersonic transport
SST, 229
support, 4, 6, 13-16;
computer support, 115, 116; cf. tool, (co)-producer, change, cooperation
supreme objective mind,
174, 176-177; cf. God
survival-reproduction,
210
sustainability, cf.
guarantor
swans, example,
108-109, 111, (123-124)
sweeping -in, 131, 146,
170, 175, 197, 199, 215-216, 253-254, 256-257; as apperception, 75-76; cf. chap.
9 passim, perspective, aspect, conversation, agreement, conflict,
apperception
symbol, 20-21, 30, 171;
sequence of, 143; cf. icon, image, sign
symbolic
interactionism, (106); cf. Mead G.H.
symmetry, 139
synaesthesia, 100-102,
106, 118-119; cf. chap. (5), virtuality
synthesis, 32, 175, 177;
cf. system, agreement,
system, 7, 39-41, 42ff
passim; 43, 167-168, 174-175,
195, 198, 200, 202; definition, 7; as data, 168; size of, 56, 58;
systems development, 120; as integration of knowledge, 94; as comprehensive
picture from givens, 145; whole system, 71; vs. drama, 178; larger system and
components or subsystems of, 167; Singerian conception of, 195, 198;
system idea, 41; systems theory, chap. (3) passim; cf.
general systems theory, subsystem, component, part, environment, whole,
context, narrative, drama, interdisciplinarity, design, synthesis
system insight, cf.
learning, improvement, understanding, reason vs. intellect, intuition
systems philosopher;
68; cf. metadesigner
table or desk, example
in measurement, 187
tabula rasa, Lockean
"blank tablet", 99-100
tacit knowledge, 18,
21, 25-28, 28, 36, 81, 82-84, 87, 92, 138,
145, 150-153, 175, 177, 178; in agreement, 194; and
knowledge engineering, 83, 87, 88-89-90, 92, 101-102, 107, 116, 118,
137-138-139, 145,
150-153 (Julian Hilton), 154-155, 158; expert, 162; as
love-conviction, 171; personal vs. communicative, 173; vs. learning, 149;
explicit alternative design; drama-theater, 256-257; and unique element in
decision, 256; everybody's 268-269; as direct vs. inferential observation, 153;
cf. personal knowledge, public or community knowledge, expert, heuristics,
personal knowledge, silent knowledge, intuition, unconscious
tactics, vs. strategy,
192, 195-196
taste, 24, 266;
subjectivity of, 266; cf. style, aesthetics
tautology, 4, 23, 29,
31, 33, 37, 116, 108, 160-161
taxation, and
obsolescence or deterioration, 166
taxonomy, 108, 159,
186-187, 192; as distinctions, 270; as dichotomic
classification, 159; cf. classification, coding, definition
technique: cf. method,
technology
technology, 7, 15, 23,
(41), 44-46, 200; and
effectiveness, 202-203; information technology: as computer; as machines,
23; use of, 46; applied, 58; innovation and exploration of, 193, 199;
exploration or exploitation as observed by designers, 150; drifting in its use:
cf. shift-and-drift; as conscious attempt to change: cf. design, p. vii et al;
as resource and transformation function: cf. innovation, action-activity-production,
efficiency, productivity, function vs. morphology, economy; as
power-potential: power, knowledge, progress, production; as change of
implication fact-nets, cf. chaps. (2) and (7) passim
teleology, 39, 45, 69,
159, (160), 163, 168, 210-211, 213, 215, 246; as
cost-benefit, 163; of information, 165; cf. purpose, end, function, will, vs.
ateleology, anti teleology, anti-thinking, relativism, pluralism
terrorism, and war, 162-163, 270; ;
terrorist mind, 173-174
test, 109, 136,
149; crucial, 136; hypothesis testing, 192,
196-197; of instrument, 83; of expertise, 163; neurological or psychological,
156; related to hypothesis, see hypothesis; cf. control, validity or
validation, sharp test (Swedish: skarpa miljšer)
textualization-context,
cf. system
Thais, Theoretical
Analysis of Information Systems, cf. Langefors
theater, 178; inquiry
as, 203; ref. Julian Hilton; cf. drama, epic, myth, narrative, play
theology, 24, 33, 36,
40, 68!, 70, 74, 76, cf. God, religion, ethics, morals
theorems, and axioms,
136, 142; cf. axiom, generalization
theory, 39, 87,
132-133; and input, 137; vs data, 32-33, vs. observation, 87; theoretical base
for certification, 188; cf. model, conceptual frame
Theseus, 204; cf. hero
thesis, 171-177; cf.
hypothesis, dialectics
thinking, 127, 131, 134,
259-260; cf. inquiry, design, reason
this book, vii, 4, 9,
16-18, 20, 23, 27, (37), 41, 42, 43, 63, 79,
111, 176-177, 180, (203), (205), 230, 258-259, 274-276
ticktacktoe, example,
125; game of, 142
time, 15, 160-161, 176,
197; time savings, 81, 91; cf. clock, past, space-time, history, future
time-space, 37, 40,
106-107, 110, 131, 149, 194; cf. geographical
information system GIS
tolerance, 193, 191,
201; as agreement within a range, 113; cf. satisfactoriness
tool, 83, 86; cf.
means, instrument
Toulmin, S.; cf warrant
toothache example,
151-152
topology, 94
total quality
management Ð TQM, 165; cf. quality
totalitarianism, 4
TQM, cf. total quality
management, quality
trade-off, 47; cf.
values
tradition, 39, 87-88,
vs. collective mind, 162-164; cf. fact net or chap. 2 passim,
Weltanschauung, history, past, future generations, ethics, religion
tragedy, 177-178,
203-205; tragedy-comedy, 177-178; cf. drama, epic
transaction, 133; cf.
event, sale
transcendental, logic,
145
transdisciplinarity,
74-75, 195, 197-198; cf.
interdisciplinarity, multi-modality
transitivity-symmetry,
134, 186
translation, 105, 119,
125, 136; of inputs, 143; as formal redefinition of terms, 136; cf.
interpretation, hermeneutics
transparency; cf.
understanding, satisfactoriness
tree structure, 100,
104, 144; cf. net
trial and error, 51,
83ff, 139; and improvisation, 139; cf. learning, (Leibnizian) net ranking,
experiment, test, design, evaluation, change, shift-and-drift
trilogy (cf. optimism),
production-science-cooperation, 202-203; plenty-cooperation-heroic mood, 254;
client-decision maker-designer are the same, 201, 204
triviality, of problem,
139-140; cf. simplicity
trust, 153, 163-164; as
confidence, 111; vs. suspicion of dialectic within a dialectic, 183; cf.
guarantor, warrant, God, love, friendship, ethics, hope, faith, belief, doubt,
religion
truth, 21, 25, 32, 37,
91, 96, 103-104, 118, 174, 257; as accuracy, 63; correspondence theory of,
160-161 and chap (5) passim; coherence theory of, see
chap. (2) passim; intuitive, 25; true estimate, 51; privileged, 39-40;
and cost, 91; Internetlike truth, 91; as end point of process, 37; cf. reality,
objectivity, fact, depictive, accuracy
Turing's test, (150)
ubiquitous computing;
cf. mobile Internet, communication
uncertainty, 105, 109,
114, 153, 196, 201, 212; of doubt, 105; blocked out of discourse, 202; cf.
risk, probability, doubt, statistics, conversation killing
unconscious, 28, 120,
123, 203, 244, 264-265, 272; collective, 203; and creativity, 265;
input as part of the, 265; cf. feeling, emotion, anti
teleology, ateleology, postmodernism, intuition, Jung, myth
understanding, 4, 49,
72, 75, 104, 198, 203; and compassion 11;
cf. explanation, meaning, reason, agreement, learning, satisfactoriness,
interpretation and interpretive approach
unexplainable events,
136
uniqueness, 32,
190-191, 193, 204-205, 245, 255-257; in
planning, 255; as differentiation, 265-268; of individual, 204; cf.
individuation, generalization, otherness, method
unity, of
client-designer-decision maker, 201, 204; cf. system, separability, entity,
individuation, identification
unit, of measurement,
186-189; cf. measurement, standard, entity
universal proposition,
83
university, 57, 59, 122
usability, 101, 117-118, 121; cf.
human-computer interaction HCI/CHI, purpose, measurement of performance,
evaluation, satisfactoriness, quality, aesthetics, function-(functionality)
use or user behavior,
101, 117-118, 156; vs. designer, 118; user models, 125, 156
usefulness, 120; cf.
utility, pragmatism, measure of performance
user friendliness, 121
user model, 10, 118,
121, 125, 146, 157; -language, 125; as observer-subject, 156-157; cf. model
utility, 120, 151-152,
163-164, 189, 200, 263; as measure of value, 152-153; vs. aesthetics, 189; cf.
preferences
vagueness, 186, 245;
cf. doubt, clear, clarity, distinct
validity and
validation, 22, 29, 83, 85, 80, 88, 96, 103, 108, 115,
128, 130, 149, 162, 189-190, 192, 225, 242; as confirmation, 80; as
verification, 185; as evaluation, 136; of apriori axioms, 130; of sensation,
103; of apriori, 128, 130; as relevance, credence or evidence, 171-173; and
politics or use, 225; theoretical base for, 188; cf. verification, test,
accuracy, truth, reliability, confirmation, precision, experience, proof,
value-worth, evidence
value; 71, 73, 102, 152, 163,
137-138, 189-190, 200, 249; vs. good value, 95; measure or comparison of, 152;
value preference, 152; value judgments, 102; of knowledge, 203; of income, 190;
economic, 137-138; value judgement or valuation, 163, 169, 192; as good in
activity itself, 249; value and information, 121-122, 163-164; enabling power
as, 200; ultimate, 163; and fact, 164; measurement of, 152; Åas personal value,
200-201; as quality, 190; as utility, 263-264; as trade-off, 47; added, 166; as
power vs. ethic Peirce-Schiller in HCS, 95, 200; Aristotelian pluralism vs.
Platonic monism (ref. Martha Nussbaum), 73; of measurement system, 190; cf.
ethics, good, utility, quality, measure of performance, ideal, goal,
ateleology, worth
variation, analysis or
statistical, 65-66, 191, 193; significant, 193; cf. change, partitioning,
disagreement
verification, 13, 185,
187; cf. validity, evidence, confirmation
veto power, 112; cf.
counter-instance, politics of science, perfect observer
vicious circle, 169;
vs. infinite regress, 168-169; cf. self-reference, regression
view, point of, 107,
149, 171, 177; sharing views, cf. agreement, consensus; cf. aspect,
perspective, attitude
violence, as in
terrorism, 173-174; cf. power, strength, Arendt, H.
virtual organizations,
cf. virtual reality, Internet commerce, organization, system
virtual reality, 64,
(72), 96, 122-123, 128,
137-139, 159, (183); as ideal, 178; and aesthetic intuition, 144; as legitimate
distortion of inputs, 156; reality of, 150;
relation to reality, 189; in measurement system, 187, 189; as adjustment of
readings or observations, 195-196; as abstract mode of
representation, 137; as realistic world and representations, 138-139; as
reality vs. illusion, 204; and modes of sensation (see synaesthesia), 100, 102;
cf. virtuality, reality, ontological assumptions, mind, truth, simulation,
representation (chap. 6), entity, measurement, visual, implementation,
constructivism, imagination, aesthetics (apparence, perspective, sensation,
imagination), abstract, illusion
virtuality, 19, 64,
(72), 76, 122-123, (190), 195; vs. reality, 13; and
distinction between reality and non-reality, 97; cf. reality, virtual reality
and real, artificial, truth, error, system, perspective, synaesthesia
vision, 170-171-172, 174; as
thesis, 172; as policy, 180-185; visual recognition, 142; as conviction, 178;
color perception, 157; and design, 173; cf.
idea, strategy, conviction, Weltanschauung, thesis, ideal, intuition, figure of
thought, sensuous intuition, form, creativity, aspect, perspective, view, image,
picture, pattern, observation, attitude, elusiveness, ateleology, tacit
knowledge, inspiration
visualization, 125,
138-139; image recognition, 123-124; cf. representation, perspective,
sensation, solution, virtual reality, human-computer interaction HCI
vitalism: cf. living
systems
VR, cf. virtual reality
wandering
(circumambulatio), 205
war, or terrorism, 162-163
warehousing, cf.
inventory
warrant, 98, 163;
warranted database, 195; for authority, 163; cf. guarantor, watchdog, accuracy,
reliability, ethics, theology
watchdog, 135, 150, cf.
guarantor, control
we-them dialectics, 146
weak philosophy, vs.
strong implications, 152-153
weapon, 73, 93; cf.
kill maximizer
Weick, Karl, see double
interact 118-120, stimulus response, repertoire of
responses, vicious circle, interaction, consensus
Weltanschauung, 32,
169-179, 181-185, 194, 238, 250; and information, 169-179;
counter-Weltanschauung, 224, 249; and conviction, 98; dual, 198; and Singer's
natural image, 194; cf. culture, tradition, view, perspective, aspects,
meaning, vision, image, world, ontology
wff (well formed
formula), 31
what-how, 84, (128),
195, 223
whole, 193; system, 68,
71; whole system as God, 69; wholeness as system, 145;
scope of inquiry, 195; cf. system, context
Whorf, B. (language),
144-145
why, 4, 5, 115, 163,
172, 194; as power in design, 6; and
because, 79ff; vs. what, 115; cf.
explanation, meaning, because, causality, teleology, how, what
why-not, 164, 172, 199; cf.
so-what, explanation, because
will, 169, 170-172;
general, 162; as supreme objective mind, 174, 176-177; cf. ethics, evaluation,
value
wisdom, 236-273; cf.
knowledge
Wittgenstein, L.,
(151), (160-161); language games, (105): cf. (Leibnizian) nets
work, division
of, 63, 74, 91-92; as human capability, 118-119; work practice, 166; cf.
action-activity, production, creativity, organization, participation,
cooperation
work flow, 166; see
activity, producer-product, reengineering, effectiveness, efficiency,
productivity
world; states of, 160;
phenomenal, 138-139; as Weltanschauung or image of, 76, 169-170, 196; basic or
realistic, 138; imagery for description, 209ff; in itself, 242; of the
inquirer, 160; cf. Weltanschauung, reality, perspective, ontology, imagery,
natural imagery
World-Wide-Web WWW, 15,
26, 117-118, 120, 176-177; as network of information, 9; as separability of
storage and retrieval, 61-62; as library search, 117; cf. Internet, multimedia,
hypermedia; anti teleology, ateleology, network, postmodernism, Leibnizian IS
or fact nets, Lockean IS or trees, Hegelian IS or debate; database, data
collection, libraries, separability
worth, cf. value