Virtual Reality in Education: On-line Survey

Daniel Fällman
Department of Informatics
Umeå University

Home Introduction Projects Research Groups Resources References



References, Full List

VR in education

  • ______, (1996) "VR in education", VR News, 5(6), 31-34.
  • Auld, L. W. S., Pantellidis, V. S. (1994) "Exploring virtual reality for classroom use: The Virtual Reality and Education Lab at East Carolina University", Tech Trends, 39(2), 29-31
  • Bell, D. H. (1996) "Teaching virtual reality", SIGCSE Bulletin, 28(2), 56-61
  • Boyle, T., Stevens-Wood, B., Zhu, F., Tikka, A. (1996) "Structured learning in a virtual environment", Computers & Education, 26(1-3), 41-49
  • Bricken, M. (1991) "Virtual Reality Learning Environments: Potential and Challenges", In "Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH'91", (pp. 178-184). New York, NY: ACM SIGGRAPH
  • Bricken, W. (1991) "Learning in Virtual Reality", HITL-TR-M-90-5, Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Brodersen, A. J., Bourne, J. R., Mosterman, P., Campbell, J. O., Bouw, R., Burows, C., Mommer, M. (1993) "The ELF project: Creating the future laboratory". In "Proceedings of the FIE (Frontiers in Education) Twenty-Third Annual Conference, Engineering Education: Renewing America's Technology", (pp. 277-279). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Brown, D. J., Cobb, S. V., Eastgate, R. M., Wilson, J. R. (1993) "Desktop VR as a Practical Tool in Industry and Education", In "Proceedings of the VR '93 Virtual Reality International 93, The Third Annual Conference on Virtual Reality", (pp. 111-121). London, UK: Meckler
  • Brown, D. J., Wilson, J. R. (1995) "LIVE: Learning in Virtual Environments", Ability: The Journal of the British Computer Society, 15, 24-25
  • Brown, D. J., Stewart, D. S., Wilson, J. R. (1995) "Ethical Pathways to Virtual Learning", In "Proceedings of the Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities", Northridge, CA: CSUN Center on Disabilities
  • Brown, D. J., Kerr, S. J., Wilson, J. R. (1997) "VE in special needs education: The LIVE programme at the University of Nottingham", Communications of the ACM, (no. ?)
  • Bruckman, A., Resnick, M. (1995) "The MediaMOO Project: Constructionism and Professional Community", Convergence, 1(1), 94-109
  • Bruckman, A. (1997) "MOOSE Crossing: Construction, Community, and Learning in a Networked Virtual World for Kids", Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT Media Lab
  • Byrne, C. (1992) "Students explore VR technology", HIT Lab Review, 6-7
  • Byrne, C. (1993) "Virtual Reality and Education", (HITL Report No. R-93-2), Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Byrne, C., Furness, T. A., III. (1994) "Virtual Reality and Education", In "Proceedings of the IFIP WG3.5 - International Working Conference on Exploring a New Partnership: Children, Teachers and Technology", (pp. A-58). Amsterdam: Elsevier, North-Holland
  • Byrne, C., Holland, C., Moffit, D., Hodas, S., Furness, T. (1994) "Virtual Reality and 'At Risk' Students" (HITL Technical Report No. R-94-5), Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Byrne, C. M. (1996) "Water on tap: The Use of Virtual Reality as an Educational Tool", Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Seattle, WA: University of Washington, department of Industrial Engineering
  • Chiou, G.-F. (1995) "Learning Rationales and Virtual Reality Technology in Education", Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 23(4), 327-336
  • Cornell, R., Bailey, D., Bollet, R. (1994) "Virtual Reality: Therapeutic Tool or Time Bomb?", EMI: Educational Media International, 31(4), 247-249
  • Cromby, J. J., Standen, P. J., Brown, D. J. (1995) "Using Virtual Environments in Special Education", VR in the Scools, 1(3), 1-4
  • Cromby, J. J., Standen, P. J., Newman, J., Tasker, H. (1996) "Successful transfer to the real world of skills practised in a virtual environment by students with severe learning difficulties", In "Proceedings of the ECDVRAT: 1st European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies", (pp. 103-107). Reading, UK: University of Reading
  • Cromby, J. J., Standen, P. J., Brown, D. J. (1996) "The potentials of virtual environments in the education and training of people with learning disabilities", Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40(6), 489-501
  • Cronin, P. (1997) "Report on the Applications of Virtual Reality Technology to Education", HCRC, University of Edinburgh, Electronic Document: http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~paulus/vr.htm
  • Dede, C. (1995) "The evolution of constructivist learning environments: immersion in distributed, virtual worlds", Educational Technology, 35(5), 46-52
  • Dede, C., Salzman, M., Loftin, B, Sprague, D (1997) "Multisensory Immersion as a Modeling Environment for Learning Complex Scientific", In Roberts, N., Feurzeig, W., Hunter, B., "Computer Modeling and Simulation in Science Education", Springer-Verlag: New York
  • Dede, C., Salzman, M., Loftin, B., Ash, K. (1998) "VR's Frame of Reference: A visualization technique for mastering abstract information spaces", In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Learning Sciences, pp. 249-255, Association for the Advancement of Computers in Education: Charlottesville
  • Derycke, A. C., Smith, C., Hemery, L. (1995) "Metaphors and interactions in virtual environments for open and distance education", In "Proceedings of the ED-MEDIA'95: World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia", (pp. 181-186). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computer Education
  • Dietzel, R., Bird, M., Kohler, A., Olmstead, P. (1994) "Adding Virtual Technology to the Curriculum - a Fictional Example", EMI: Educational Media International, 31(4), 238-241
  • Dowding, T. J. (1994) "Virtual Reality: Is It for Real?", Performance and Instruction, 33(7), 20-23
  • Falby, J. S., Zyda, M. J., Pratt, D. R., Wilson, K. P. (1992) "Educational and Technological Foundations for the Construction of a 3D Virtual World", In "Proceedings of the Virtual Reality '92: VR Becomes a Business", (pp. 190-208). Westport, CT: Meckler Publishing
  • Ferrington, G., Loge, K. (1992) "Virtual reality: A new learning environment", The Computing Teacher, 19(7), 16-19
  • Fox, G. C., Furmanski, W., Nilan, M. S., Small, R. V. (1994) "Assessing Virtual Reality for Education", Syracuse, NY: NPAC, Syracuse University
  • Furness, T. A. III, Winn, W., Yu, R. (1997) "The Impact of Three Dimensional Immersive Virtual Environments on Modern Pedagogy: Global Change, VR and Learning", In Proceedings of Workshops in Seattle, Washington, and Loughborough, England in May and June 1997
  • Gay, E. (1994) "Virtual reality at the Natrona County School System: Building virtual worlds on a shoe-string budget", Virtual Reality World, 2(6), 44-47
  • Gay, E. (1994) "Is Virtual Reality a Good Teaching Tool?", Virtual Reality Special Report, 1(4), 51-60
  • Guey, F.-C. (1994) "Learning rationales and virtual reality technology in education", Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 23(4), 327-336
  • Gorzerino, P., Morineau, T., Papin, J-. P. (1997) "Virtual Environment: For Learning or For Training? A Cognitive Approach", in Chatelier, P. R., Seidel, R. J. (1997) "Virtual reality, Training's Future?", Plenium Press: New York
  • Hedburg, J., Alexander, S. (1994) "Virtual Reality in Education: Defining Researchable Issues", EMI: Educational Media International, 31(4), 214-220
  • Helsel, S. K., Roth, J. P. (1991) "VR in Education: SALT Multimedia Conference", CyberEdge Journal, 2, 3
  • Helsel, S. K. (1992) "Virtual reality as a learning medium", Instructional Delivery Systems, 6(4), 4-5
  • Helsel, S. (1992) "Virtual Reality and Education", Educational Technology, 32, 38-42
  • Hoffman, H. M. (1995) "Virtual reality meets medical education", In Satava, R. M., Morgan, K., Sieburg, H. B., Mattheus, R., Christensen, J. P. (eds.), "Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare, Medicine meets Virtual Reality III", (pp. 130-136). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press
  • Holden, L. (1992) "Carnegie Mellon's STUDIO for creative enquiry and the Interdisciplinary Teaching Network (ITeN) and Interactive Fiction and the Networked Virtual Art Museum", Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 19(1), 56-57
  • Johansson, M., Astrom, K. J. (1996) "Virtual interactive systems for control education", In "Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control", (pp. 3888-3889). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Johnson, W. L. (1995) "Pedagogical agents in virtual learning environments", In "Proceedings of the ICCE 95: International Conference on Computers in Education", (pp. 41-48). Charlottesville, VA: Association for Advancement of Computer Education
  • Kelly, R. V., Jr. (1994) "VR and the Educational Frontier", Virtual Reality Special Report, 1(3), 7-26
  • Keppell, M., Macpherson, C. (1997) "Is the Elephant Really There? - Virtual Reality in Education", Electronic Document: http://www.ddce.cqu.edu.au/ddce/confsem/vr/present.html
  • Lieberman, D. A., Brown, S. J. (1995) "Designing interactive video games for children's health education", In "Proceedings of the Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare", Medicine meets Virtual Reality III, San Diego, CA, USA, (pp. 201-210). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press
  • Loeffler, C. E. (1993) "Networked Virtual Reality: Applications for Industry, Education and Entertainment", Virtual Reality World, 1(2), g-i
  • Loeffler, C. E. (1993) "Distributed virtual reality: applications for education, entertainment and industry", Telektronikk, 89(4), 83-88
  • Marcus, S. (1992) "Reading and Writing: Virtually Yours", Electronic Learning Special Edition, 11(8), 26
  • Marquardt, M. J. (1996) "Cyberlearning: New Possibilities for HRD", Training and Development, 50(11), 56-57
  • Matsubara, Y., Toihara, S., Tsukinari, Y., Nagamachi, M. (1997) "Virtual learning environment for discovery learning and its application on operator training", IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, E80-D(2), 176-188
  • McBride, J. A., McMullen, J. F. (1996) "Using virtual reality for distance teaching a graduate information systems course", In "Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences", (pp. 263-272). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • McLellan, H. (1991) "Virtual Environments and Situated Learning", Multimedia Review, 2(3), 25-37
  • McLellan, H. (1993) "Virtual Reality: Case Studies in Design for Collaboration and Learning", Westport, CT: Meckler Corporation
  • McLellan, H. (1994) "Virtual Reality and Multiple Intelligences: Potentials for Higher Education", Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 5(2), 33-66
  • McLellan, H. (1996) "Virtual Realities", In Jonassen, D. H. (ed.), "Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology: A Project of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology", (pp. 457-487). New York, NY: Macmillan
  • Merickel, M. L. (1992) "A Study of the Relationship between Virtual Reality (Perceived Realism) and the Ability of Children to Create, Manipulate and Utilize Mental Images for Spatially Related Problem Solving", In "Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the National School Boards Association", (pp. 9: 1). Washington, DC: EDRS
  • Merril, J. R. (1993) "Surgery on the Cutting-Edge: Virtual Reality Applications in Medical Education", Virtual Reality World, 1(3 and 4), 34-38
  • Merril, J. R., Raju, R., Roy, R. T. (1994) "VR Applications in Medical Education", Virtual Reality, 1, 61-65
  • Merril, J., Allman, S., Merril, G., Roy, R. (1994) "Virtual heart surgery: trade show and medical education", Virtual Reality World, 2(4), 55-57
  • Merril, J. R. (1994) "VR for medical training and trade show 'fly-paper'", Virtual Reality World, 2(3), 53-57
  • Merril, G., Raju, R., Merril, J. (1995) "Changing the focus of surgical training", VR World, 3(2), 56-58, 60-61
  • Merril, G. L., Barker, V. L. (1996) "Virtual reality debuts in the teaching laboratory in nursing", Journal of Intravenous Nursing, 19(4), 182-187
  • Milheim, W. D. (1995) "Virtual Reality and Its Potential Application in Education and Training", Machine-Mediated Learning, 5(1), 43-55
  • Mohl, R. (1981) "Cognitive Space in the Interactive Movie Map: An Investigation of Spatial Learning in Virtual Environments", Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Cambridge, MA, Education and Media Technology Dept., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Mones-Hattal, B., Mandes, E. (1995) "Enhancing Visual Thinking and Learning with Computer Graphics and Virtual Environment Design", Computers & Graphics, 19(6), 889-894
  • Moore, P. (1995) "Learning and Teaching in Virtual Worlds: Implications of Virtual Reality for Education", Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 11(2), 91-102
  • Moshell, J. M., Smart, E. A., Dunn-Roberts, R., Blau, B., Lisle, C. R. (1993) "Virtual reality: its potential impact on embedded training", In "Proceedings of the Advanced Technologies Applied to Training Design", (pp. 191-205). New York, NY: Plenum.
  • Moshell, J. M., Hughes, C. E. (1994) "Shared Virtual Worlds for Education", Virtual Reality World, 2(1), 63-74
  • Nash, I. (1991) "Visions for a Braver World. Virtual Reality Computer Simulations as an Aid to Teaching Science", Times Educational Supplement, 3923, 12, September 6
  • Nemire, K., Burke, A., Jacoby, R. (1993) "A Virtual Learning Environment for Disabled Students", In "Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference of Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities", (pp. 81-92). Northridge, CA: California State University
  • North, S. M. (1996) "Effectiveness of virtual reality in the motivational processes of learners", International Journal of Virtual Reality, 2(1), 17-21
  • Odegard, O. (1993) "Telecommunications and social interaction - social constructions in virtual space", Telektronikk, 89(4), 76-82.
  • Odegard, O., Oygard, K. A. (1996) "Learning in collaborative virtual environments- impressions from a trial using the Dovre framework", Telektronikk, 92(3-4), 51-58
  • Osberg, K. (1993) "Virtual Reality and Education: A Look at Both Sides of the Sword", HITL Technical Report No. R-93-7, Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Lab.
  • Osberg, K. (1997) "A Teacher's Guide to Developing Virtual Environments: VRRV Project Support", Technical R-97-17, Seattle: Human Interface Technology Lab
  • Osberg, K. M. (1997) "The Effect of Having Grade Seven Students Construct Virtual Environments on their Comprehension of Science", In "Proceedings of the 1997 AERA Conference", San Francisco, CA: AERA.
  • Osberg, K. (1997) "A Teacher's Guide to Developing Virtual Environments: VRRV Project Support", HITL Technical Publication No. R-97-17, Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Ota, D., Loftin, B., Saito, T., Lea, R., Keller, J. (1995) "Virtual reality in surgical education", Computers in Biology and Medicine, 25(2), 127-137
  • Pantelidis, V. S., Boyd, R. (1993) "Virtual Reality - The New Dimensions", In "Proceedings of the 4th Annual Technology and Teaching Conference", (pp. 107-114). Greenville, NC: School of Education, East Carolina University
  • Pantelidis, V. S. (1993) "Virtual Reality in the Classroom", Educational Technology, 33(4), 23-27
  • Powers, D. A., Darrow, M. (1994) "Special education and virtual reality: challenges and possibilities", Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 27(1), 111-121
  • Quesada, A. (1993) "Seeing Inside - Exploring New Ways of Learning with Virtual Reality", Multimedia Reporter, July, 1,4,6
  • Randall, J. P. (1992) "The Emerging Potential of Virtual Reality in Postsecondary Education. New Directions for Teaching and Learning", Teaching in the Information Age: The Role of Educational Technology, (51), 71-81
  • Richert-Boe, P. (1993) "Virtual Reality in Education", AI Expert [Virtual Reality '93: Fall Special Report], 15-19
  • Rose, H. (1995) "Assessing Learning in VR: Towards Developing a Paradigm", Virtual Reality Roving Vehicles (VRRV) Project, HITL Publication TR-95-1: Seattle, WA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Roussos, M., Johnson, A. E., Leigh, J., Vasilakis, C. A., Moher, T. G. (1996) "Constructing Collaborative Stories Within Virtual Learning Landscapes", In "Proceedings of the Euro AI-Ed: European Conference on AI in Education", (pp. 129-135). Leeds, England: University of Leeds
  • Salzman, M., Dede, C., Loftin, B. (1995) "Learner Centered Design of Sensorily Immersive Microworlds Using a Virtual Reality Interface", In Greer, J. (ed.), "Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education", pp. 554-564. Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computers in Education
  • Salzman, M., Dede, C., Loftin, B., Ash, K. (1998) "VR's Frames of Reference: A visualization technique for mastering abstract information spaces", In "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Learning Sciences", 249-255, Association for the Advancement of Computers in Education: Charlottesville
  • Salzman, M. C., Dede, C., Loftin, R. B. (1995) "Learner-centered design of sensorily immersive microworlds using a virtual reality interface", In "Proceedings of the AI-ED 95: 7th World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education", (pp. 554-561). Charlottesville, VA: Association for Advancement of Computer Education
  • Seidel, R. J., Chatelier, P. R. (ed.) (1997) "Virtual Reality, Training's Future?", Plenium Press: New York
  • Schinagl, W., Boltzmann, L. (1995) "WIFI Interactive Information Center: A Real Cyberspace and Virtual Reality Infrastructure for Economy and Education", In "Proceedings of the Virtual Reality World '95", (pp. 395-398). Munich, Germany: IDG Conferences and Seminars
  • Schlager, M., Schank, P. (1996) "TAPPED IN: A Multi-User Virtual Environment for Teacher Professional Development and Education Reform", Berkeley, CA: School of Education, The Virtual Classroom
  • Schroeder, R., Cleal, B., Giles, W. (1993) "Virtual reality in education: some preliminary social science perspectives", In "Proceedings of the Informatique '93: 2nd International Conference on Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds", (pp. 147-158). Paris, France: EC2.
  • Schroeder, R. (1995) "Learning from Virtual Reality Applications in Education", Virtual Reality, 1(1), 33-40
  • Sherman, B. (1992) "Birth of a Brave New World: Using Virtual Reality in Education", Times Educational Supplement (3951), S3(2), March 20
  • Singh, T., Zhu, M., Thakkar, U., Ravaioli, U. (1996) "Impact of World Wide Web, Java, and virtual environments on education in computational science and engineering", In "Proceedings of the FIE (Frontiers in Education) '96: Technology-Based Re-Engineering. Engineering Education", (pp. 1007-1010). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Sklaroff, S. (1994) "Virtual Reality Puts Disabled Students in Touch", Education Week, 13(36), 8
  • Sprague, L. A., Bell, B., Sullivan, T., Voss, M., Payer, A. F., Goza, S. M. (1993) "Virtual reality in medical education and assessment", In "Proceedings of the WNN93/FNN93: Fifth Workshop on Neural Networks: Academic/Industrial/NASA/Defense, An International Conference on Computational Intelligence - Neural Networks, Fuzzy Systems, Evolutionary Programming and Virtual Reality", (pp. 373-377). San Diego, CA: SCS
  • Strickland, D. (1995) "NCSU Computer Engineer finds autistic children accept virtual reality", NCSU, Department of Education, May 15
  • Strickland, D., Marcus, L. M., Mesibov, G. B., Hogan, K. (1996) "Brief report: Two case studies using virtual reality a learning tool for autistic children", Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26(6), 651-659
  • Stuart, R., Thomas, J. C. (1990) "Educational Applications of Cyberspace", In "Proceedings of the First Conference on Cyberspace", Abstract, (pp. 96-97). Austin, TX: School of Architecture, The University of Texas at Austin
  • Stuart, R., Thomas, J. C. (1991) "The implications of education in cyberspace", Multimedia Review, 2(2), 17-27.
  • Stuart, R. (1992) "Virtual Reality: Directions in Research and Development", Interactive Learning International, 8(2), 95-100
  • Taylor, G. L. (1994) "The Potential Role of Virtual Reality in Environmental Education", Unpublished Master of Science thesis, Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, School of Natural Resources
  • Taylor, W. (1997) "Student Responses to their Immersion in a Virtual environment", HITL Report No. HITL R-97-11, Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Traub, D. C. (1991) "Simulated World as Classroom: The Potential for Designed Learning within Virtual Environments", In Helsel, S. K., Paris, J. (eds.), "Virtual Reality: Theory, Practice, and Promise", (pp. 111-121). Westport, CT: Meckler
  • Traub, D. C. (1994) "The Promise of Virtual Reality for Learning", In Loeffler, C. E., Anderson, T. (eds.) "The Virtual Reality Casebook", (pp. 107-117). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold
  • Van Joolingen, W., De Jong, T. (1996) "Supporting the authoring process for simulation-based discovery learning", In "Proceedings of the Euro AI-Ed: European Conference on AI in Education", Leeds, England: University of Leeds
  • Whitelock, D., Brna, P., Holland, S. (1996) "What is the Value of Virtual Reality for Conceptual Learning? Towards a Theoretical Framework", In "Proceedings of the Euro AI-Ed: European Conference on AI in Education", Leeds, England: University of Leeds
  • Wickens, C. D. (1992) "Virtual Reality and Education", In "Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics", (pp. 842-847). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Wilson, D. L. (1992) "Researchers Hope to Lead Students into 'Virtual Reality'", The Chronicle of Higher Education, 38, A23-A25
  • Wilson, D. L. (1994) "A Key for Entering Virtual Worlds", The Chronicle of Higher Education, 41(12), A18-A19, A21
  • Winn, W. (1993) "A Conceptual Basis for Educational Applications of Virtual Reality", University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory, Washington Technology Center, Seattle, Washington, Technical Publication R-93-9
  • Winn, W. D. (1993) "A Conceptual Basis for Educational Applications of Virtual Reality", HITL Report No. R-93-9: Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Winn, W. (1993) "Instructional Design and Situated Learning: Paradox or Partnership?", Educational Technology, 33(3), 16-21
  • Winn, W. D. (1994) "Educational applications of virtual reality: The case for immersion", In "Proceedings of the ACCE Conference on Multimedia and Education", (pp. unpaginated). Vancouver, BC: ACCE
  • Winn, W. (1997) "The Impact of Three-Dimensional Immersive Virtual Environments on Modern Pedagogy", HITL Technical Report R-97-15: Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Winn, W. (1998) "Learning in Hyperspace", Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Winn, W. D., Hoffman, H., Hollander, A., Osberg, K., Rose, H., Char, P. (1997) "The Effect of Student Construction of Virtual Environments on the Performance of High- and Low-Ability Students", HITL TR-R-97-6: Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Winn, W. D. (1997) "Designing Highly Interactive Learning Environments - Are 'Traditional' ID Procedures Adequate?" In "Proceedings of the 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association", (pp. in press). San Francisco, CA: AERA
  • Winslow, J. (1996) "Multimedia and virtual reality in instruction: some risks of virtual learning", In "Proceedings of the SITE 96 - Seventh International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education: Technology and Teacher Education Annual", (pp. 543-545). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computer Education
  • Witmer, B. G., Bailey, J. H., Knerr, B. W., Parsons, K. C. (1996) "Virtual spaces and real world places: transfer of route knowledge", International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 45(4), 413-428
  • Woodward, J. (1992) "Virtual Reality and Its Potential Use in Special Education, Identifying Emerging Issues and Trends in Technology for Special Education", ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service No. ED 350 766: Washington, DC, USA: COSMOS Corporation
  • Youngblut, C. (1998) "Educational Uses of Virtual Reality Technology", Institute for Defense Analyses, January

VR applications to learning, teaching, education

  • Akiyoshi, M., Miwa, S., Ueda, T., Nishida, S. (1995) "A learning environment for maintenance of power equipment using virtual reality", In "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Image Processing and its Applications", (pp. 331-335). London, UK: IEE
  • Akiyoshi, M., Miwa, S., Nishida, S. (1996) "The application of virtual reality technology to maintenance task of substations", Mitsubishi Denki Giho, 70(6), 34-38
  • Barker, P. (1994) "Use of a virtual laboratory for teaching instrument design", In "Proceedings of the IEE Colloquium on 'Computer-Based Learning in Engineering'", London, UK, (pp. 5/1-5/5). London, UK: IEE.
  • Bell, J. T., Fogler, H. S. (1996) "Vicher: A virtual reality based educational module for chemical reaction engineering", Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 4(4), 285-296
  • Bievenue, L. A., Curtis, D. H., Thakkar, U. (1995) "Virtual environments in K-12 learning and discovery: a grand challenge in education?", Computer Graphics, 29(4), 43-44
  • Brelsford, J. W. (1993) "Physics Education in a Virtual Environment", In "Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting: Designing for Diversity", (pp. 1286-1290). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society
  • Bricken, W., Winn, W. (1992) "Designing Virtual Worlds for Use in Mathematics Education: The Example of Experiential Algebra", Educational Technology, 32, 12-19
  • Bricken, W. B. (1992) "Languages for Virtual Reality: Spatial Representation of Elementary Algebra", In "Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages", (pp. 55-62). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Bricken, M., Byrne, C. M. (1992) "Summer Students in Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study on Educational Applications of Virtual Reality Technology", (HITL-TR-R-92-1), Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Bricken, M. (1990) "A Description of the Virtual Reality Learning Environment", Memoranda M-90-4, Seattle: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Brown, D. J., Cobb, S. V., Eastgate, R. M., Gibson, I., Smith, P. A. (1992) "Research Applications of Virtual Reality", Interactive Learning International, April, 8(2), 161-163
  • Brown, D. J., Cobb, S. V. G., Eastgate, R. M. (1993) "Virtual Reality as a Tool to Teach Makaton Symbols to Children with Learning and Motor Skills Difficulties", (internal report VIRART/93/101): Nottingham, UK: University of Nottingham, Virtual Applications Research Team, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Operations Management
  • Brown, D. J. (1993) "Virtual Reality, Virtually Unlimited", British Journal of Special Education, 20(1), 12
  • Byrne, C., Furness, T., Winn, W. D. (1995) "The use of virtual reality for teaching atomic/molecular structure", In "Proceedings of the 1995 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association", San Francisco, CA: AERA
  • Colle, H. A., Green, R. F. (1996) "Introductory psychology laboratories using graphic simulations of virtual subjects", Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 28(2), 331-335
  • Dean, K., Finn, E., Friesner, J., Naylor, B., Wustner, S., Wilson, K., Fisher, S. (1997) "Virtual Explorer", Electric Garden, Hopkins, R. (ed.), Visual Proceedings: The Art and Interdisciplinary Programs of SIGGRAPH 97, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, p. 110.
  • Dean, K., Asay-Davis, X., Finn, E., Friesner, J., Naylor, B., Wustner, S., Fisher, S., Wilson, K., (1998) "Virtual Explorer: Creating interactive 3D virtual environments for education", In Bolas, M. T., Fisher, S. S., and Merritt, J. O. (eds.) "Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems V, Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering", 3295. Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 1998. 429
  • Dean, K., Asay-Davis, X., Finn, E., Friesner, J., Naylor, B., Wustner S., Fisher, S., Wilson, K., (1997) "The Virtual Explorer", Computer Graphics, 31:4, 16-17,81.
  • Dede, C., Loftin, B., Salzman, M., Calhoun, C., Hoblit, J., Regian, W. (1994) "The Design of Artificial Realities to Improve Learning Newtonian Mechanics", in Brusilovsky, P. (ed) Proceedings of East-West International Conference on Multimedia, Hypermedia, and Virtual Reality, pp. 34-41. International Centre for Scientific and Technical Information: Moscow
  • Dede, C., Salzman, M., Loftin, B. (1995) "ScienceSpace: Virtual Realities for Learning Complex and Abstract Scientific Concepts", Electronic Document: http://www.vetl.uh.edu/ScienceSpace/absvir.html
  • Dede, C., Salzman, M., Loftin, R. B., Ash, K. (1997) "Using Virtual Reality Technology to Convey Abstract Scientific Concepts", in "Learning the Sciences of the 21st Century: research, Design and Implementing Advanced Technology Learning Environments", edited by Jacobson, M. J., Kozma, R. B., Lawrence Erlbaum
  • Hudson, R., Gunn, C., Francis, G. K., Sandin, D. J., DeFanti, T. A. (1995) "Mathenautics: Using Virtual Reality to Visit 3-D Manifolds", In "Proceedings of the 1995 ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics", (pp. 167-170). New York, NY: ACM
  • Hughes, B., Kort, B., Walters, J. (1994) "Virtual space learning MariMUSE: connecting learners from kindergarten to 99", SIGCUE Outlook, 22(2), 17-22.
  • Hughes, C. E., Moshell, J. M. (1994) "ExploreNet", In Loeffler, C. E., Anderson, T. (eds.), "The Virtual Reality Casebook", (pp. 118-122). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold.
  • Hughes, B., Walters, J. (1995) "Children, MUDs, and Learning", San Francisco, CA: AERA.
  • Hughes, C. E., Moshell, J. M. (1997) "Shared virtual worlds for education: the ExploreNet experiment", Multimedia Systems, 5(2), 145-154
  • Ide, A., Kato, H. (1995) "Designing a system for cooperative learning through social interaction- 'AlgoArena': a learning tool for programming", In "Proceedings of the Symbiosis of Human and Artifact: the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interactions (HCI International '95)", (pp. 851-856). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier
  • Kennedy, P. J., Palumbo, D. B. (1993) "Instructional and Technological Development Activities of a Synthetic Solar System Exploration Environment", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 1). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Knox, D., Schacht, C., Turner, J. (1993) "Virtual reality: A proposal for treating test anxiety in college students", College Student Journal, 27(3), 294-296
  • Lewis, S. (1995) "Student-Created Virtual Tours", Learning and Leading with Technology, 23(2), 35-39
  • Loftin, R. B., Engelberg, M., Benedetti, R., (1993) "Applying Virtual Reality in Education: A Prototypical Virtual Physics Laboratory", Proceedings of the IEEE 1993 Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality, San Jose, October 25-26, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Macpherson, C., Keppell, M. (1998) "Virtual Reality: What is the state of play in education?", Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 14(1), 60-74
  • McCluskey, J. (1993) "Educational Applications of Virtual Reality: Medium or Myth?", Syllabus, 29, 10
  • McDonald, J. S., Rosenberg, L. B., Stredney, D. (1995) "Virtual reality technology applied to anesthesiology", In Satava, R. M., Morgan, K., Sieburg, H. B., Mattheus, R., Christensen, J. P. (eds.), "Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare, Medicine meets Virtual Reality III", (pp. 237-243). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press
  • Merril, J. R., Notaroberto, N. F., Laby, D. M., Rabinowitz, A. M., Piemme, T. E. (1993) "The Ophthalmic Retrobulbar Injection Simulator (ORIS): an application of virtual reality to medical education", In "Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care", (pp. 702-706). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
  • Middleton, T. (1992) "Applications of Virtual Reality to Learning", Interactive Learning International, 8(4), 253-257
  • Rose, H., Billinghurst, M. (1995) "Zengo Sayu: An Immersive Educational Environment for Learning Japanese", HITL Report No. R-95-4: Seattle, WA: Unversity of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Rose, H. (1996) "Design and Construction of a Virtual Environment for Japanese Language Instruction", Unpublished Masters thesis, Seattle, WA: University of Washington
  • Rusch, F. R., Millar, D. S., Cimera, R. E., Shelden, D. L., Thakker, U., Chapman, D. A., Khan, Y. H., Moore, D. D., LeBoy, J. S. (1997) "Crossing Streets: A K-12 Virtual Reality Application for Understanding Knowledge Acquisition", Poster paper, In "Proceedings of the IEEE 1997 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium", (pp. 211-212). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Salzman, M. C., Dede, C., McGlynn, D., Loftin, R. B. (1996) "ScienceSpace: Lessons for Designing Immersive Virtual Realities", In Proceedings of the CHI '96: ACM conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, (pp. 89-90). New York, NY: ACM
  • Standen, P. J., Low, H. L. (1996) "Do virtual environments promote self directed activity? A study of severely learning disabled students learning Makaton sign language", In "Proceedings of the ECDVRAT: 1st European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies", Reading, UK: University of Reading
  • Stanfel, J. (1993) "Virtual Cities--A Regional Discovery Project", Educational Media International, 30(1), 42-45, March
  • Strickland, D. (1996) "A virtual reality application with autistic children", Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5(3), 319-329
  • Webster, R. W., Wayde, S. (1996) "A virtual reality and scientific visualization laboratory for undergraduates in computer science", In "Proceedings of the FIE (Frontiers in Education) '96: Technology-Based Re-Engineering. Engineering Education", (pp. 818-822). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Wilson, J. M., Mosher, D. N. (1994) "The Prototype of the Virtual Classroom", Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems, 8(3), 28-33
  • Winn, W. D., Bricken, W. (1992) "Designing Virtual Worlds for Use in Mathematics Education: The Example of Experiential Algebra", Educational Technology, 32(12), 12-19
  • Wright, D. L., Rolland, J. P., Kancherla, A. R. (1995) "Using virtual reality to teach radiographic positioning", Radiologic Technology, 66(4), 233-238
  • Wright, D. N. (1995) "Interactive multimedia dental education: the next five years and beyond", Medinfo, 8(2), 1305-1307.
  • Yam, P. (1993) "Surreal Science: Virtual Reality Finds a Place in the Classroom", Scientific American(266), 103-104, February

Technology and learning, education, constructivism

  • Acchione, N. S., Psotka, J. (1993) "Mach III: Past and Future Approaches to Intelligent Tutoring", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 344-351). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Ahmed, P., Al-Dhelan, A., Shah, A. (1993) "On the Construction of a Knowledge-Based Intelligent Tutoring System (KB-ITS)", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 234). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Albright, M. J., Graf, D. L. (eds.). (1992) "Teaching in the Information Age: The Role of Educational Technology", San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series
  • Bailey, J. H., Witmer, B. G. (1994) "Learning and Transfer of Spatial Knowledge in a Virtual Environment", In "Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting", (pp. 1158-1162). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Ballard, R. D. (1992) "The JASON Project: Hi-Tech Exploration Promotes Students' Interest in Science", T. H. E. Journal, October, 20(4), 70-74
  • Bell, B., Bloom, C., Linton, F., Norton, E. (1993) "The LEAP Intelligent Tutoring Architecture", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 218). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Bermudez, A. B., Palumbo, D. (1994) "Bridging the Gap between Literacy and Technology: Hypermedia as a Learning Tool for Limited English Proficient Students", Journal of Educational Issues of Language Minority Students, 14, 165-184
  • Bertram, B., Peyton, J., Batson, T. (eds.) (1993) "Network-Based Classrooms", New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
  • Billings, D. M., Cobb, K. L. (1992) "Effects of Learning Style Preferences, Attitude and GPA on Learner Achievement Using Computer Assisted Interactive Videodisc Instruction", Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 19(1), 12-16
  • Bloom, C. P., Bell, B., Linton, F., Norton, E. (1993) "The Learn Explore and Practice (LEAP) Intelligent Tutoring Systems Platform", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 128-144). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Brooks, J. & Brooks, M. (1993). In search of understanding: the case for constructivist classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
  • Brown, J. S., Collins, A. & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher 18, 32-42.
  • Brown, D. J. (1994) "Special computers for special children", Open Learning Systems News, 49, 7-8
  • Caird, J. K. (1996) "Persistent issues in the application of virtual environment systems to training", In "Proceedings of the HICS'96: the Third Annual Symposium on Human Interaction with Complex Systems", (pp. 124-132). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Carr, C. (1992) "Is Virtual Reality Virtually Here? Training and Development", October, 46(10), 36-41
  • Casarelli, G. C., Strobino, G., Daturi, E., Caranna, C., Bittanti, R., Lazzari, A. (1993) "A virtual teaching laboratory for the supervision and control of industrial processes", In "Proceedings of the DIDAMATICA '93". Informatica per la Didattica Atti, (pp. 466-478). Milan, Italy: A.I.C.A
  • Cobb, S. V. G., Brown, D. J., D'Cruz, M. D., Eastgate, R. M., Cope, N. J., Wilson, J. R. (1994) "First UK national survey on industrial applications of Virtual Reality", In "Proceedings of the VR '94: London Virtual Reality Expo 94, the Fourth Annual Conference on Virtual Reality", (pp. 101-106). London, UK: Mecklermedia
  • Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt. (1992). Technology and the design of generative learning environments. In T. Duffy & D. Jonassen (Eds.), Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Coleman, J., Nduka, C. C., Darzi, A. (1994) "Virtual reality and laparoscopic surgery", British Journal of Surgery, 81(12), 1709-1711
  • Cordell, B. J. (1991) "A Study of Learning Styles and Computer-Assisted Instruction", Computers in Education, 16(2), 175-183
  • Damarin, S. K. (1993) "School and Situated Knowledge: Travel or Tourism?", Educational Technology, March, 33(3), 27-32
  • Dede, C., Loftin, R. B., Salzman, M. (1992) "The Future of Multimedia: Bridging to Virtual Worlds", Educational Technology, 32(5), 54-60
  • Dede, C. J. (1993) "Evolving from multimedia to virtual reality", In "Proceedings of the ED-MEDIA 93 - World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia", (pp. 123-130). Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computer Education
  • Dede, C., Lewis, M. (1995) "Assessment of Emerging Educational Technologies That Might Assist and Enhance School-to-Work Transitions", (NTIS Publication), Washington, DC: NTIS
  • Dede, C. (1996) "Emerging Technologies and Distributed Learning", American Journal of Distance Education, 10(2), 4-36
  • Dede, C. (1996) "The Evolution of Distance Education: Emerging Technologies and Distributed Learning", American Journal of Distance Education, 10(2), 4-36
  • Dede, C. (1996) "Distance Learning--Distributed Learning: Making the Transformation", Learning and Leading with Technology, 23(7), 25-30
  • Dede, C. (1996) "Wired Classrooms", Issues in Science and Technology, 12(3), 8-9
  • Duffy, T., & Cunningham, D. (1996). Constructivism: Implications for the design and delivery of instruction. In D. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Duffy, T. M., Lowyck, J., Jonassen, D. H. (1983) "Designing environments for constructive learning", New York, NY: Springer
  • Geake, E. (1992) "Computer Games Make Learning Virtually Irresistible", New Scientist, 134(1816), 19
  • Germain, D., McNenny, B., Palumbo, D. (1993) "Beyond Knowledge Acquisition -- A Blueprint for Knowledge Construction", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 416). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Gordin, D. N., Pea, R. D. (1995) "Prospects for Scientific Visualization as an Educational Technology", The Journal of the Learning Sciences, issue 4 (3), 249-279
  • Han, D., Naimipour, K., Chen, A. (1993) "Engineering and scientific curriculum issues of including nanotechnology, robotics, life extension and virtual reality in basic requirements", In "Proceedings of the FIE (Frontiers in Education) Twenty-Third Annual Conference, Engineering Education: Renewing America's Technology", (pp. 822). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Holkner, B. (1996) "EdMOO: One Approach to a Multimedia Collaborative Environment", In "Proceedings of the EdTech '96 - Biennial Conference of the Australian Society for Educational Technology, Learning Technologies: Prospects and Pathways", Melbourne, Australia: Australian Society for Educational Technology
  • Holland, V. M., Kaplan, J. D. (1995) "Natural language processing techniques in computer-assisted language learning: Status and instructional issues", Instructional Science, 23(5-6), 351-380
  • Honebein, P., Duffy, T., & Fishman, B. (1993). Constructivism and the design of learning environments: Context and authentic activities for learning. In T. Duffy, J. Lowyck, & D. Jonassen (Eds.), Designing environments for constructivist learning. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Hueyching, J. J. (1992) "Mental Models: A Research Focus for Interactive Learning Systems", Educational Technology Research and Development, 40(3), 39-53
  • Hyde, P. R., Loftin, R. B. (eds.) (1993) "Proceedings of the Contributed Sessions: 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", Houston, TX: NASA/Johnson Space Center
  • Jonassen, D. (1996). Computers in the classroom: Mindtools for critical thinking. Columbus, OH: Prentice Hall.
  • Kafai, Y., Resnick, M. (eds.) (1996) "Constructionism in Practice: Designing, Thinking, and Learning in a Digital World", Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
  • Kozma, R. B. (1991) "Learning with media", Review of Educational Research, 61, 179-211
  • Kozma, R. B. (1994) "Will media influence learning? Reframing the debate", Educational Technology Research and Development(42), 7-19
  • Linton, F., Bell, B., Bloom, C., Norton, E. (1993) "Tutoring Methods and Strategies in LEAP", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 305-314). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Loftin, R. B., Savely, R. T. (1991) "Advanced Training Systems for the Next Decade and Beyond", In "Proceedings of the 1991 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", Houston, TX: NASA
  • Loftin, R. B., Engelberg, M., Benedetti, R. (1993) "Applying Virtual Reality in Education: A Protypical Virtual Physics Laboratory", In "Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality", (pp. 67-74). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Society Press
  • Loftin, R. B., Engelberg, M., Benedetti, R. (1993) "Virtual Environments for Science Education: A Virtual Physics Laboratory", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 191-202). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Loftin, R. B., Engelberg, M., Benedetti, R. (1993) "Virtual Controls for Interactive Environments: A Virtual Physics Laboratory", In "Proceedings of the Society for Information Display, 1993 International Symposium", (pp. 823-826). Playa del Rey, CA: Society for Information Display
  • Loftin, R.B., Lee, B., Mueller, S., Way, R. (1991) "The Intelligent Physics Tutor", Proceedings of the 1991 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training, Houston, TX: NASA/Johnson Space Center
  • Malone, T. W., Lepper, M. R. (1985) "Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning", In Snow, R.E., Farr, M.J. (eds.) "Aptitude, learning, and instruction: III. Cognitive and affective process analysis", pp. 176-189. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
  • Mangiaracina, S., Maioli, C. (1995) "Building hypermedia for learning: a framework based on the design of user interface", In "Proceedings of the Symbiosis of Human and Artifact: the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interactions (HCI International '95)", (pp. 857-862). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier
  • McKeown, S. (1992) "Learning Through a Looking-Glass Universe", Times Educational Supplement (3984), U13, November 6
  • McLellan, H. (1996) "'Being Digital': Implications for Education", Educational Technology, 36(6), 5-20
  • Merickel, M. L. (1990) "The Creative Technologies Project: Will Training in 2D/3D Graphics Enhance Kids' Cognitive Skills?", Computers in the Schools, 9(1), 1-5
  • Mitchell, K., Kerdoncuff, G., May, G. S. (1995) "The 'virtual' cleanroom: microelectronics processing education through interactive multimedia", In "Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial University/Government/Industry Microelectronics Symposium", (pp. 224-229). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Mitchell, J., Liddle, J., Brown, K., Leitch, R. (1996) "Integrating Simulations into Intelligent Tutoring Systems", In "Proceedings of the Euro AI-ed: European Conference on AI in Education", Leeds, England: University of Leeds
  • Mizukami, Y., Morita, S., Asano, K., Kamiji, N. (1995) "Substation simulation system using virtual reality technology", Electrical Engineering in Japan, 115(8), 109-120
  • Osberg, K. (1994) "Rethinking Educational Technology: A Postmodern View", HITL Technical Report No. R-94-4, Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Lab.
  • Osberg, K. (1997) "Constructivism in Practice: The Case for Meaning-Making in the Virtual World", Dissertation: Doctor of Education, University of Washington
  • Osberg, K. (1994) "Rethinking Educational Technology: A Postmodern View", R-94-4, Seattle: University of Washington, Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Resnick, M. (1991) "Xylophones, Hamsters, and Fireworks: The Role of Diversity in Constructionist Activities", In Harel, I., Papert, S. (eds.), "Constructionism", Norwood, MA: Ablex Publishing
  • Roblyer, M., Edwards, J., & Havriluk, M. (1997). Integrating educational technology into teaching. New York: Prentice-Hall/Merrill College Publishing.
  • Rogoff, B. (1994) "Developing Understanding of the Idea of Communities of Learners", Mind, Culture, and Activity, 1(4), 209-229
  • Salomon, G. (1979) "Interaction of media, cognition and learning", San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass
  • Sams, M. R. (1993) "An Intelligent Foreign Language Tutor Incorporating Natural Language Processing", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 315-320). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Satio, T., Loftin, R. B. (1993) "Issues in Capturing and Representing Domain Knowledge and Polygonal Assignment for Virtual Environments", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 26). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Savery, J., & Duffy, T. (1995). Problem based learning: An instructional model and its constructivist framework. Educational Technology
  • Shlechter, T. M. (1992) "Computer-Based Simulation Systems and Role-Playing: An Effective Combination for Fostering Conditional Knowledge", Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 19(4), 110-114
  • Siegel, M. A., Sousa, G. A. (1994) "Inventing the Virtual Textbook: Changing the Nature of Schooling", Educational Technology, 34(7), 49-54
  • Smith, R. B. (1992) "A prototype futuristic technology for distance education", In "Proceedings of the New Directions in Educational Technology", NATO Advanced Research Workshop, (pp. 131- 138). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag
  • Songer, N. (1996) "Exploring Learning Opportunities in Coordinated Network-Enhanced Classrooms: A case of kids as global scientists", The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 5(4), 297-327
  • Spiro, R. J., Feltovich, P. J., Jacobson, M. J., Coulson, R. L. (1992) "Cognitive flexibility, constructivisim, and hypertext: Random access instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains", In Duffy, T. M., Jonassen, D. H. (eds.), "Constructivism and the technology of instruction", Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
  • Spiro, R., Feltovich, P., Jacobson, M., & Coulson, R. (1991, May). Cognitive flexibility, constructivism, and hypertext: Random access instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains. Educational Technology, 31(5), 24-33.
  • Swartz, J. D., Hatcher, T. (1996) "Virtual Experience: The Impact of Mediated Communication in a Democratic Society", Educational Technology, 36(6), 40-44
  • Taitt, H. A. (1993) "Technology in the Classroom: Planning for Educational Change", NASSP Curriculum Report, 22(4)
  • Uden, L. (1994) "Design implications for interactive learning systems", In "Proceedings of the Visualization in Scientific Computing: Uses in University Education", (pp. 119-130). Netherlands: IFIP
  • Warren, K. C., Goodman, B. A. (1993) "Engineering Intelligent Tutoring Systems". In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 235-243). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Wells, F. S., Kick, R. C. (1996) "Enhancing Teaching and Learning in Higher Education with a Total Multimedia Approach", In "Proceedings of the Mid-South Instructional Technology Conference", TN: Tennessee Technological University
  • West, T. G. (1991) "In the Mind's Eye: Visual Thinkers, Gifted People with Learning Difficulties, Computer Images and the Ironies of Creativity", Prometheus Books: Buffalo
  • White, B. (1993) "Thinkertools: Causal models, conceptual change, and science education", Cognition and Instruction 10, 1-100
  • Wilkins, D. C. (1993) "Generic Expert System Shells and Apprenticeship Tutoring: The Representation and Use of Explicit Control Knowledge", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 39). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Willis, J. (1995). A recursive, reflective, instructional design model based on constructivist-interpretist theory. Educational Technology, 35(6), 5-23.
  • Wilson, B. (Ed.) (1996). Constructivist Learning Environments: Case Studies in Instructional Design.

VR in training, simulation

  • _______. (1995). Supporting communities of learners with technology: A vision for integrating technology with learning in schools. Educational Technology, 34(4), 60-63.
  • ______ (1997) "Duracell adds virtual reality to increase flexibility and consistency of factory floor training", I/S Analyzer, 36(3), 13-16.
  • ______, (1994) "Virtual Reality and Technologies for Combat Simulation" (Document Number: Y 3.T 22/2:2 R 22; OTA Number: OTA-BP-ISS-136): Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, Office of Technology Assessment
  • ______, (1996) "VR in industrial training", VR News, 5(9), 23-26.
  • ______, (1997) "Amoco's PC-based virtual reality simulation enables it to cut driver training costs", I/S Analyzer, 36(3), 2-7"
  • ______, (1997) "Training's new dimension", AV Magazine for Business Communications, 303, 20-21
  • ______, (1997) "Virtual reality for the troops", Image Processing, 25-26
  • Achorn, B., Badler, N. (1993) "A Virtual Training Environment with Simulated Agents", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 65-68). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Adams, N., Lang, L. (1995) "VR improves Motorola training program", AI Expert, 10(5), 13-14
  • Alluisi, E. A. (1990) "Network and Virtual-World Technologies for Training", In "Proceedings of the 34th Annual Proceedings of the Human Factors Society", (pp. 1405-1406). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society, Inc.
  • Alluisi, E. A. (1991) "The Development of Technology for Collective Training: SIMNET, a Case History", Human Factors, June, 33(3), 343-362
  • Amburn, P., Marshak, W. P. (1996) "Design and evaluation of an air-to-air combat debriefing system using a head-mounted display", In "Proceedings of the IEEE 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium", (pp. 131-138). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Andrews, R. D. (1993) "Warfighting training R&D in the post Cold War era-with a special emphasis on synthetic environments", Educational Technology, 33(2), 36-40
  • Andrews, D. H., Edwards, B. J., Mattoon, J. S., Thurman, R. A. (1996) "Potential modeling and simulation contributions to specialized undergraduate pilot training", Educational Technology, 36(4), 6-17
  • Badler, N. I., Clarke, J. R., Hollick, M. J., Kokkevis, E., Metaxas, D. N., Bindiganavale, R., Webber, B. L., Chi, D. M., Foster, N., Ogunyemi, O., Kaye, J. (1996) "MediSim: simulated medical corpsmen and casualties for medical forces planning and training", In "Proceedings of the National Forum: Military Telemedicine On-Line Today Research, Practice, and Opportunities", (pp. 21-28). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Bailey, S. S. (1994) "Creating a Virtual Reality as a Perceptual Equivalence for Training", EMI: Educational Media International, 31(4), 221-223
  • Bayarri, S., Fernandez, M., Perez, M. (1996) "Virtual Reality for Driving Simulation", Communications of the ACM, 39(5), 72-76
  • Bess, R. D. (1993) "Image Generation Implications for Networked Tactical Training Systems", In "Proceedings of the IEEE 1993 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, VRAIS '93", (pp. 308-317). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Service Center
  • Bettis, D., Desrosiers, S., Mulcihy, D., Ruta, K. (1993) "Robo-Cat -- An Intelligent Robotics Trainer", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 417). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Boman, D., Shlager, M. S., Gille, J., Piantanida, T. (1992) "The Readiness of Virtual Environment Technology for Use in Maintenance Training", In "Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training Equipment and Education Conference", (pp. 883-891). Washington, DC: National Security Industrial Association
  • Boman, D., Piantanida, T., Schlager, M. (1993) "Virtual environment systems for maintenance training: Final Report", (Vol. 1-4). Menlo Park, CA: SRI International
  • Breglia, D. (1992) "Virtual Environment Training Technology", In "Proceedings of the 1992 IMAGE Conference VI", (pp. 17-28). Tempe, AZ: IMAGE Society
  • Bricken, W. (1990) "Training in Virtual Reality", Technical R-90-3, Seattle: Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  • Cooper, D. J. (1996) "Picles/sup TM/: a simulator for 'virtual world' education and training in process dynamics and control", Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 4(3), 207-15
  • D'Cruz, M., Eastgate, R., Wilson, J. R. (1997) "A study into the issues involved when applying virtual environment technology to training applications", In "Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Universe '97", San Diego, CA: AMA, Inc.
  • Delp, S. L., Loan, J. P., Basdogan, C., Buchanan, T. S., Rosen, J. M. (1996) "Surgical simulation: An emerging technology for military medical training", In "Proceedings of the National Forum: Military Telemedicine On-Line - Today's Research, Practice, and Opportunities", (pp. 29-34). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Desrosiers, S., Bettis, D. (1993) "SMART -- Situated Multimodal Advanced Real-Time Trainer", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 59). Houston, TX: NASA
  • DiNova, K., DeFranco, R., Storch, P., Reinberger, D. (1995) "Conventional weapons effects and environments modeling in distributed interactive simulations", In "Proceedings of the 1995 Summer Computer Simulation Conference", Twenty-Seventh Annual Summer Computer Simulation Conference, (pp. 465-470). San Diego, CA: SCS
  • Dinsmore, M., Langrana, N., Burdea, G., Ladeji, J. (1997) "Virtual reality training simulation for palpation of subsurface tumors", In "Proceedings of the IEEE 1997 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium", (pp. 54-60). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Dowding, T. J. (1992) "A Self-Contained Interactive Motorskill Trainer", In "Proceedings of the Virtual Reality '93, Beyond the Vision: The Technology, Research, and Business of Virtual Reality", (pp. 44-50). Westport, CT: Meckler
  • Dunkley, P. (1994) "Virtual reality in medical training", Lancet, 343(8907), 1218
  • Dunnington, G. L., DaRosa, D. A. (1994), "Changing surgical education strategies in an environment of changing health care delivery systems", World Journal of Surgery, 18(5), 734-737
  • Durlach, N., Aviles, W. A., Pew, R. W., DiZio, P. A., Zeltzer, D. L. (1992) "Virtual Environment Technology for Training (VETT)", (Report No. 7661), Cambridge, MA: BBN
  • Edmond, C. V., Sluis, D. (1996) "ENT surgical simulator project", In "Proceedings of the National Forum: Military Telemedicine On-Line Today Research, Practice, and Opportunities", (pp. 43-46). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Egsegian, R., Pittman, K., Farmer, K., Zobel, R. (1993) "Practical applications of virtual reality to firefighter training", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Simulation Multiconference on theInternational Emergency Management and Engineering Conference", Tenth Anniversary: Research and Applications, (pp. 155-160). San Diego, CA: SCS
  • Erikson, C., Hundley, W. (1996) "Advancements in related technologies bring virtual reality to GIS", In "Proceedings of the High-Fidelity Simulation for Training, Test Support, Mission Rehearsal, and Civilian Applications", (pp. 14-18). Bellingham, WA: SPIE.
  • Estes, L. E., Fain, G. (1995) "An optical range for naval gunfire training", In "Proceedings of the Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing IX", (pp. 153-159). Bellingham, WA: SPIE.
  • Fletcher, B., Harris, S. (1996) "Development of a virtual environment based training system for ROV pilots", In "Proceedings of the OCEANS 96 MTS/IEEE: 'Prospects for the 21st Century'", (pp. 65-71). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Fritz, M. (1991) "The World of Virtual Reality. Training", February, 28(2), 45-50
  • Froehlich, B., Krueger, W., Grunst, G., Wesche, G. (1995) "The Responsive Workbench: A Virtual Working Environment for Physicians", In Satava, R. M., Morgan, K., Sieburg, H. B., Mattheus, R., Christensen, J. P. (eds.), "Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare", (pp. 118-125). Amsterdam: IOS Press
  • Froehlich, B., Kirsch, B., Krueger, W., Wesche, G. (1995) "Further Development of the Responsive Workbench", In Gobel, M. (ed.), "Virtual Environments '95: Selected Papers of the Eurographics Workshops", (pp. 237-246). New York, NY: SpringerWien
  • Garant, E., Desbiens, P., Daigle, A., Okapuu von Veh, A., Rizzi, J. C., Shaikh, A., Gauthier, R., Malowany, A. S., Marceau, R. J. (1995) "Three-dimensional modelling for a virtual reality operator training simulator", In "Proceedings of the Stockholm Power Tech. International Symposium on Electric Power Engineering", (pp. 31-36). New York, NY: IEEE.
  • Garant, E., Daigle, A., Desbiens, P., von Veh Okapuu, A., Rizzi, J. C., Shaikh, A., Gauthier, R., Malowany, A. S., Marceau, R. J. (1995) "A virtual reality training system for power-utility personnel", In "Proceedings of the IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers, and Signal Processing", (pp. 296-299). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Geiger, B., Kikinis, R. (1995) "Simulation of endoscopy", In "Proceedings of the CVRMed '95: Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine", (pp. 277-281). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag
  • Grant, F. L., McCarthy, L. S., Pontecorvo, M. S., Stiles, R. J. (1991) "Training in virtual environments". In "Proceedings of the ICAT 91: the 1991 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training", (pp. 320-333). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Harmon, S. W., Kenney, P. J. (1994) "Virtual Reality Training Environments: Contexts and Concerns. EMI: Educational Media International", 31(4), 228-237
  • Hiemenz, L., McDonald, J., Stredney, D., Sessanna, D. (1996) "A physiologically valid simulator for training residents to perform an epidural block", In "Proceedings of the 1996 Fifteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference", (pp. 170-173). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Hollan, J. H., Hutchins, E. L., Weitzman, L. (1984) "Steamer: An Interactive Inspectable Simulation-Based Training System", AI Magazine, 5, 15-27
  • Hon, D. (1994) "Ixion's realistic medical simulations", Virtual Reality World, 2(4), 58-62
  • Hriber, D. C. (1993) "Virtual Environment Training: Auxiliary Machinery Room (AMR)", Watchstation Trainer. Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems, 7(2), 9-17
  • Hudock, S. D. (1994) "The application of educational technology to occupational safety and health training", Occupational Medicine, 9(2), 201-210
  • Jackson, P. (1993) "Applications of virtual reality in training simulation", In Warwick, K., Gray, J., Roberts, D. (eds.) "Virtual Reality in Engineering", (pp. 121-136). London, UK: IEE
  • Jones, G., Hankinson, T. (1994) "Simulation-based design for ship design and acquisition", In "Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Applications in Shipbuilding", (pp. 14/31-14/37). Malmo, Sweden: Berry Rasmussen Reklam
  • Kalawsky, R. S. (1992) "The realities of using visually coupled systems for training applications", In "Proceedings of the Helmet-Mounted Displays III", (pp. 72-82). Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  • Karr, C. R., Reece, D., Franceschini, R. (1997) "Synthetic soldiers", IEEE Spectrum, 34(3), 39-45
  • Kashiwa, K. I., Mitani, T., Tezuka, T., Yoshikawa, H. (1995) "Development of machine-maintenance training system in virtual environment", In "Proceedings of the RO-MAN '95: 4th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Communication", (pp. 295-300). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Katz, W. (1994) "ROADNET-distributed interactive simulation applied to driver training, city planning, and transportation research", In "Proceedings of the 1994 Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Twenty-Sixth Annual Summer Computer Simulation Conference", (pp. 936-941). San Diego, CA: SCS
  • Kenyon, R. V., Afenya, M. B. (1995) "Training in Virtual and Real Environments", Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 23(4), 445-455
  • Kim, W. S., Schenker, P. (1992) "A Teleoperation Training Simulator with Visual and Kinesthetic Force Virtual Reality", In "Proceedings of the Human Vision, Visual Processing and Digital Display III", (pp. 560-569), Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  • Kim, W. S. (1992) "Developments of new force reflecting control schemes and an application to a teleoperation training simulator", In "Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Conference on Robotics And Automation", (pp. 1412-1419). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Kovarik, M. (1993) "Intelligent Computer Aided Training Systems in the Real World: Making the Technology Reachable for Everyday Educators", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 256-259). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Kozak, J. J., Hancock, P. A., Arthur, E. J., Chrysler, S. T. (1993) "Transfer of training from virtual reality", Ergonomics, 36(7), 777-784
  • Kuppersmith, R. B., Johnston, R., Jones, S. B., Jenkins, H. A. (1996) "Virtual reality surgical simulation and otolaryngology", Archives of Otolaryngology, 122(12), 1297-1298
  • Loftin, R. (1993) "Virtual Environment Technology for Aerospace Training", Virtual Reality Systems, 1(2), 36-38
  • Loftin, R. B. (1994) "Virtual environments for aerospace training", In "Proceedings of the Wescon/94: Idea/Microelectronics", (pp. 384-387). New York, NY: IEEE.
  • Loftin, R. B. (1995) "Virtual environments for aerospace training", In "Proceedings of the Northcon/95: IEEE Technical Applications Conference and Workshops", (pp. 31-34). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Loftin, R. B., Kenney, P. (1995) "Training the Hubble space telescope flight team", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 15(5), 31-37
  • Loper, M. L., Petty, M. D. (1995) "Distributed interactive simulation and emergency management", In "Proceedings of the 1995 Simulation MultiConference: Simulators International XII", (pp. 344-348). San Diego, CA: SCS
  • Massey, L. D., Kurland, L. C., McDonald, S. P., Wex, W. (1993) "A distributed virtual environment for instructor-based tactical team training", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Summer Computer Simulation Conference", (pp. 904-909). San Diego, CA: SCS
  • Mastaglio, T. W., Callahan, R. (1995) "A large-scale complex virtual environment for team training", Computer, 28(7), 49-56
  • Mattoon, J. S. (1996) "Modeling and simulation: a rationale for implementing new training technologies", Educational Technology, 36(4), 17-26
  • McGinnis, M. L., Phelan, R. G. (1996) "A hybrid expert system for scheduling the U.S. Army's Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT)", Expert Systems with Applications, 11(2), 157-176
  • McLin, D. M., Chung, J. C. (1996) "Combining virtual reality and multimedia techniques for effective maintenance training", In "Proceedings of the 24th AIPR Workshop: Tools and Techniques for Modeling and Simulation", (pp. 204-210). Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  • Meloni, D., Mura, A., Nucci, F. S., Cangelosi, A., Ligorio, M. B. (1996) "Virtual ECHO: An interface for a simulated environment", SIGCHI Bulletin, 28(3), 97-101
  • Meseure, P., Rouland, J. F., Dubois, P., Karpf, S., Chaillou, C. (1995) "SOPHOCLE: a retinal laser photocoagulation simulator overview", In "Proceedings of the CVRMed '95: Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine", (pp. 105-114). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag
  • Meyer, C., Dunn-Roberts, R. (1992) "Virtual Reality: A Strategy for Training in Cross-Cultural Communication", Educational Media International, 29(3), 175-180
  • Miner, N. E., Stansfield, S. A. (1994) "An interactive virtual reality simulation system for robot control and operator training", In "Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation", (pp. 1428-1435). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Moshell, M., Blau, B., Dunn-Roberts, R. (1993) "Virtual Environments for Military Training: SIMNET, Ender's Game, and Beyond", Virtual Reality World, 1(2), v-ad
  • Moshell, J. M., Blau, B. S., Knerr, B., Lampton, D. R., Bliss, J. P. (1993) "A research testbed for virtual environment training applications", In "Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS)", (pp. 83-99). New York, NY: IEEE.
  • Moshell, J. M., Smart, E. A., Dunn-Roberts, R., Blau, B., Lisle, C. R. (1993) "Virtual reality: its potential impact on embedded training", In "Proceedings of the Advanced Technologies Applied to Training Design", (pp. 191-205). New York, NY: Plenum
  • Moshell, J. M., Blau, B., Xin, L., Lisle, C. (1994) "Dynamic Terrain", Simulation, 62(1), 29-40.
  • Moshell, J. M., Hughes, C. E. (1996) "The Virtual Academy: A Simulated Environment for Constructionist Learning", International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 8(1), 95-110.
  • Mowafy, L., Russo, T., Miller, L. (1993) "Is 'presence' a training issue?" In "Proceedings of the IEEE 1993 Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality (VRAIS)", (pp. 124-125). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
  • Mowafy, L., Thurman, R. A. (1993) "Training pilots to visualize large-scale spatial relationships in a stereoscopic display", In "Proceedings of the Stereoscopic Displays and Applications IV", (pp. 72-81). Bellingham, WA: SPIE.
  • Mowafy, L., Pollack, J., Stang, M., Wallace, L. (1995) "Training independent living skills in a 'barrier-free' virtual world", In "Proceedings of the Symbiosis of Human and Artifact, the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interactions", (pp. 511-516). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
  • Muller, W. K., Ziegler, R., Bauer, A., Soldner, E. H. (1995) "Virtual reality in surgical arthroscopic training", Journal of Image Guided Surgery, 1(5), 288-294
  • Muscott, H. S., Gifford, T. (1994) "Virtual Reality and Social Skills Training for Students with Behavioral Disorders: Applications, Challenges and Promising Practices", Education and Treatment of Children, 17(4), 17-34
  • Okapuu von Veh, A., Marceau, R. J., Malowany, A., Desbiens, P., Daigle, A., Garant, E., Gauthier, R., Shaikh, A., Rizzi, J. C. (1996) "Design and operation of a virtual reality operator-training system", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 11(3), 1585-1591
  • Otsuka, G., Sodeyama, K., Yoshida, T., Muranaka, N., Imanishi, S. (1996) "A construction of a piano training system based on virtual reality", Transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part C, 116-C(11), 1288-1294
  • Oyama, H., Nomura, K., Miyazawa, T., Aono, M., Ohbuchi, R., Suda, S. (1995) "Surgical Simulation Support System", In Satava, R. M., Morgan, K., Sieburg, H. B., Mattheus, R., Christensen, J. P. (eds.), "Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare", (pp. 439-444). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press
  • Padgett, M. L., Blade, R., Evers, J., White, C. R. (1996) "Virtual reality systems: from training simulators to intelligent VR", In "Proceedings of the SPIE: The International Society for Optical Engineering", 2878, 409-449
  • Psotka, J. (1995) "Immersive Training Systems: Virtual Reality and Education and Training", Instructional Science, 23(5-6), 405-431
  • Pugnetti, L., Mendozzi, L., Motta, A., Cattaneo, A., Barbieri, E., Brancotti, A., Cazzullo, C. L. (1995) "Immersive virtual reality to assist retraining of acquired cognitive deficits: first results with a dedicated system", In Satava, R. M., Morgan, K., Sieburg, H. B., Mattheus, R., Christensen, J. P. (eds.), "Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare: Medicine meets Virtual Reality III", (pp. 289-297). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press
  • Pugnetti, L., Mendozzi, L., Motta, A., Cattaneo, A., Barbieri, E., Brancotti, A. (1995) "Evaluation and retraining of adults' cognitive impairments: which role for virtual reality technology?", Computers in Biology and Medicine, 25(2), 213-227
  • Puzone, R., Cervone, E., Raposio, E., Andreucci, L. (1995) "Project and development of a virtual reality microsurgical simulator", In Satava, R. M., Morgan, K., Sieburg, H. B., Mattheus, R., Christensen, J. P. (eds.), "Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare: Medicine meets Virtual Reality III", (pp. 289-297). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press
  • Regian, J. W., Shebilske, W. L., Monk, J. M. (1992) "Virtual reality: An instructional medium for visual-spatial tasks", Journal of Communication, 42(4), 136-149.
  • Regian, J. W., Shebilske, W. L., Monk, J. M. (1993) "A preliminary empirical evaluation of Virtual Reality as a training tool for visual-spatial tasks", USAF AMRL Technical Report AL-TR-1993-0004: Brooks Air Force Base, TX : Armstrong Lab Human Resources Directorate, Technical Training Research Division
  • Riner, R. D., Clodius, J. A. (1995) "Simulating Future Histories: The NAU Solar System Simulation and Mars Settlement", Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 26(1), 95-104
  • Rosen, J. M., Laub, D. R., Jr., Pieper, S. D., Mecinski, A. M., Soltanian, H., McKenna, M. A., Chen, D., Delp, S. L., Loan, J. P., Basdogan, C. (1996) "Virtual reality and medicine: from training systems to performance machines", In "Proceedings of the IEEE 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium", (pp. 5-13). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Sellberg, M. S., Vanderploeg, M. J. (1994) "Virtual Human: a computer graphics model for biomechanical simulations and computer-aided instruction", In "Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Engineering Advances: New Opportunities for Biomedical Engineers", (pp. 329-330). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Shlechter, T. M., Burnside, B. L. (1996) "The Virtual Training Program: Implications for Military and Civilian Educators", In "Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association", San Francisco, CA: AERA
  • Shoates, K. B., Moran, P. (1993) "Training Augmentation Device (TAD) for the Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN)", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 419-429). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Singh, S. K., Bostrom, M., Popa, D. O., Wiley, C. W. (1993) "Design of an interactive lumbar puncture simulator with tactile feedback", In "Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Communication", (pp. 156-159). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Smith, A. B. (1995) "Using virtual reality for the simulation of infrared environments for human training", In "Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Southeast Conference", (pp. 101-109). New York, NY: ACM.
  • Soderberg, B., Miller, D. (1993) "Image generation design for ground-based network training environment", In "Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS)", (pp. 318-329). Bellingham, WA: IEEE
  • Stansfield, S. A. (1993) "A Computer-Based Training System Combining Virtual Reality and Multimedia", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 60-64). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Stansfield, S., Shawver, D., Miner, N., Rogers, D. (1995) "An application of shared virtual reality to situational training", In "Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium '95 (VRAIS)", (pp. 156-161). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Stytz, M. R., Block, E. (1994) "On improving situation awareness in large-scale, distributed virtual realities used for military training", In "Proceedings of the Montpellier '94: 3rd International Conference, Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds", (pp. 203-216). Nanterre, France: EC2
  • Tanner, S., Miller, K. (1993) "The Use of High Fidelity CAD Models at the Basis for Training on Complex Systems", In "Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology", (pp. 10-13). Houston, TX: NASA
  • Tate, D. L., Sibert, L., King, T. (1997) "Virtual environments for shipboard firefighting training", In "Proceedings of the IEEE 1997 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium", (pp. 61-68, 215). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press
  • Tezuka, T., Kashiwa, K., Mitani, T., Yoshikawa, H. (1995) "Development of machine-maintenance training system in virtual environment", In "Proceedings of the Sixth IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Symposium: Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems", (pp. 687-692). Oxford, UK: Pergamon
  • Thalmann, N. M., Thalmann, D. (1994) "Towards virtual humans in medicine: a prospective view", Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 18(2), 97-106
  • Thurman, R. A., Mattoon, J. S. (1994) "Virtual reality: toward fundamental improvements in simulation-based training", Educational Technology, 34(8), 56-64.
  • Tinker, P. (1992) "Real training in the virtual world", In "Proceedings of the WESCON/92 Conference Record", (pp. 372-375). Ventura, CA: Electronic Conventions Management
  • Wierda, M., Van Wolffelaar, P. C., Van Winsum, W. (1994) "Immersive virtual environments as trainer: system design from a cognitive stance", In "Proceedings of the Virtual Interfaces: Research and Applications", (pp. 6/1-6/6). Neuilly sur Seine, France: AGARD
  • Winn, W. D. (1997) "Virtual environments in maintenance training", In Pahl, G. (ed.), "Maintenance training", New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
  • Winsch, B. J., Atwood, N. K., Quinkert, K. A. (1994) "Using a Distributed Interactive Simulation Environment to Investigate Machine Interface and Training Requirements", In "Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 38th Annual Meeting", (pp. 1033-1037). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
  • Wittenberg, G. (1995) "Training with virtual reality", Assembly Automation, 15(3), 12-14
  • Yokokohji, Y., Hollis, R. L., Kanade, T., Henmi, K., Yoshikawa, T. (1996) "Toward machine mediated training of motor skills. Skill transfer from human to human via virtual environment", In "Proceedings of the RO-MAN '96: the 5th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Communication", (pp. 32-37). New York, NY: IEEE
  • Zeltzer, D., Pioch, N. J., Aviles, W. A. (1995) "Training the officer of the deck", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 15(6), 6-9
  • Zeltzer, D., Pioch, N. J. (1996) "Validation and verification of a virtual environment for training naval submarine officers", In "Proceedings of the Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems III", (pp. 320-331). Bellingham, WA: SPIE.
  • Zeltzer, D., Pioch, N. J. (1996) "Validation and verification of virtual environment training systems", In "Proceedings of the IEEE 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium", (pp. 123-130). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
  • Zeltzer, D., Gaffron, S. (1996) "Task-level interaction with virtual environments and virtual actors", International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 8(1), 73-94.
  • Ziegler, R., Mueller, W., Fischer, G., Goebel, M. (1995) "A virtual reality medical training system", In "Proceedings of the CVRMed '95: Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine", (pp. 282-286). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
  • Ziegler, R., Fischer, G., Muller, W., Gobel, M. (1995) "Virtual reality arthroscopy training simulator", Computers in Biology and Medicine, 25(2), 193-203

General VR, Misc.

  • Isdale, J. (1993) "What is Virtual Reality?", Electronic Document: http://www.cms.dma.ac.uk/~cph/VR/whatisvr.html
  • Bergeron, B., Obeid, J. (1995) "Temporal issues in the design of virtual learning environments", Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 4(2- 3), 127-145
  • Biocca, F. (1992) "Virtual Reality Technology: A Tutorial", Journal of Communication, 42(4), 23-73
  • Biocca, F. (1992) "Communication Within Virtual Reality: Creating a Space for Research", Journal of Communication, 42(4), 5-22
  • Carr, K, England, R. (1995) "Simulated and Virtual Realities: Elements of Perception", Taylor & Francis: London
  • Hansen, J. P., Jakobsen, V. B. (1993) "Validating the cognitive fidelity of simulated realities", In "Proceedings of the Informatique '93, 2nd International Conference on Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds", (pp. 241-250). Paris, France: EC2
  • Homan, W. J. (1994) "Virtual Reality: Real Promises and False Expectations", EMI: Educational Media International, 31(4), 224-227